Readings in Philippine History

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Pre-Colonial history, Spanish colonization, the Revolutionary period, American rule, Japanese occupation, and the biography of Jose Rizal.

Barangay

The basic unit of pre-colonial government consisting of $30-100$ families.

Datu

The leader of a pre-colonial decentralized chiefdom with executive, legislative, and judicial powers.

Trial by Ordeal

A method used in pre-colonial disputes, such as the boiling-water ordeal, to determine guilt.

Maharlika

The pre-colonial social class consisting of warriors and nobility.

Timawa

The pre-colonial social class of free commoners.

Aliping Namamahay

A level of pre-colonial dependent who had house and land rights and worked on call.

Aliping Sagigilid

A pre-colonial dependent who lived in the master's household and 'ate from the pot'.

Baybayin

The pre-colonial writing system of the Philippines, often incorrectly called 'Alibata'.

3 G's

The goals of Spanish colonization: God, Gold, and Glory.

Battle of Mactan

The conflict where Ferdinand Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in $1521$.

Reducción

The colonial policy of moving natives near churches or cabeceras.

Polo y servicio

Forced labor required of male natives aged $16-60$ for typically $40$ days per year.

Encomienda

Crown grants giving rights to collect tribute and labor from specific lands and peoples.

Galleon Trade

The state-controlled trans-Pacific trade route between Manila and Acapulco.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain who occupied the top rank of the colonial racial hierarchy.

Insulares

Spaniards born in the Philippines.

Indio

The bottom rank in the colonial social order, referring to native Austronesian Filipinos.

GOMBURZA

The three priests executed on February $17, 1872$, following the Cavite Mutiny.

Propaganda Movement

A peaceful, assimilationist movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, and López Jaena.

La Liga Filipina

A socio-civic league for reform founded by Jose Rizal in $1892$.

Katipunan (KKK)

An armed revolutionary society founded on July $7, 1892$, by Andres Bonifacio and his comrades.

Kartilya

The guidebook of the Katipunan written by Emilio Jacinto.

Cry of Pugad Lawin

The event on August $23, 1896$, where Katipuneros tore their cedulas to start the revolution.

Treaty of Paris

The $1898$ agreement where Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $\$20\text{ million}$.

Benevolent Assimilation

President McKinley's proclamation declaring the U.S. intention to 'civilize and uplift' Filipinos.

Schurman Commission

The First Philippine Commission that investigated conditions and recommended civil government.

Thomasites

American teachers who arrived on August $23, 1901$, to establish the public school system.

Jones Law

The Philippine Autonomy Act of $1916$ which promised independence once a stable government was established.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

The $1934$ law establishing a $10$-year Commonwealth transition period before independence.

USAFFE

The United States Army Forces in the Far East under General Douglas MacArthur.

Kempeitai

The Japanese military police notorious for repression during the occupation.

Republic Act 1425

The Rizal Law, authored by Senator Claro M. Recto, mandating the study of Jose Rizal's life and works.

Noli Me Tangere

Jose Rizal's first novel, meaning 'Touch Me Not,' printed in Berlin in $1887$.

El Filibusterismo

Jose Rizal's second novel, dedicated to GOMBURZA and printed in Ghent.

Maximo Viola

The 'savior' of Noli Me Tangere who funded its printing.

Valentin Ventura

The 'savior' of El Filibusterismo who funded its printing.

Mi Último Adiós

Jose Rizal's final poem, hidden inside an alcohol lamp before his execution.

Segunda Katigbak

Jose Rizal's first love, a girl from Lipa, Batangas.

Leonor Rivera

Rizal's 'great love' and first engagement, who signed her letters as 'Taimis'.

Josephine Bracken

The lady Rizal met in Dapitan and called his 'wife' or 'dulce estranjera'.