HISTORY AND PATRIOTISM

Anderson and Pols (2012)

Who studied how scientists refashioned themselves as socialized nationalists during colonial expansionism?

socialized nationalists

How did scientists in the colonial period imagine or refashioned themselves?

nationalism

What strong sentiment was prevalent at the time of colonial expansionism and the enlightenment period?

modern, progressive, and cosmopolitan

How was education described during the colonial expansionism period?

Europe, Japan, and North America

In what regions did scientifically trained scientists engage as equals with colleagues?

scientific training

What primarily shaped the anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, and nationalistic stance of the first generation of nationalists?

intelligentsias

What were the first generation of nationalists, who received European education, called?

Science

What granted cultural authority and legitimacy in cultivating national consciousness?

Enlightenment period

During what period in Europe did empire building, colonization, and expansionism occur?

Colonization

What is described as a form of creating connections between different regions?

physicians or medical students

According to Anderson and Pols (2012), those who consistently and rigorously invoked science in the national struggle generally came from what two fields?

organic analogies and evolutionary models

What frameworks were physicians and medical students the most successful popularizers of?

Spanish clerics

Who held the long colonial rule before the shift to US military intervention?

1898

In what year did the long colonial rule held by Spanish clerics shift to military intervention under the US?

Social scientists

Who were impressed with scientism and empirical data and tried to transpose human evolution to the evolution of societies?

Jose Rizal

Who was among the first generation of nationalists in the country and an example of how colonialism shaped the thinking of scientists?

Jesuits under Ateneo

Where did Jose Rizal learn science in a modern way?

1880s (around the 17th century)

During what decade were Jesuits excommunicated and persecuted in Europe and some areas?

medicine

What field was Rizal encouraged to take up due to the modernism and way of thinking of the Jesuits?

UST (est. 1872)

Where did Rizal study medicine under the Dominicans?

Dominicans

Under which religious order did Rizal study medicine at UST?

apathetic, lazy, and with limited intellect, and therefore inferior

How did the friars view Filipinos, which contributed to Rizal's disappointment at UST?

cabinet with modern equipment

What did UST possess but kept away from Filipinos, according to Rizal?

ophthalmology

What medical specialization did Rizal leave to study in Paris and Heidelberg?

his mother’s failing eyesight

What influenced Rizal to study ophthalmology?

cunning/clandestine

How was Rizal's departure to study abroad described, as he hid from friar authorities?

bacteriology, antiseptic surgery, and physical anthropology

Name three advanced subjects Rizal took abroad.

Ferdinand Blumentritt, Fedor Jagor, and Rudolf Virchow

Name three of Rizal's teachers or contemporaries mentioned while he was abroad.

Rudolf Virchow

Which of Rizal's teachers encouraged the usage of an improved microscope?

German

The improved microscope, an ophthalmoscope, was a newly invented technology from what country?

avant-garde

How was Rizal’s training described, indicating he was ahead of his time?

his uncle

From whom did Rizal borrow money to study abroad?

frugal

How was Rizal described regarding his budgeting during his stay in Europe?

first class

Despite being frugal, what class did Rizal travel in?

señor or monsieur

How was Rizal addressed abroad, which made him feel treated as an equal?

history

What subject did Rizal study that was prompted by his unpleasant experiences in the Philippines versus his pleasant experiences abroad?

Philippines before colonial rule

Learning about what sparked Rizal's determination to defend the rights of Filipinos?

Hồ Chí Minh

Who was inspired to lead a revolution against colonizers in Vietnam, similar to Rizal's determination?

Rudolf Virchow

Who was the German pathologist and anthropologist that joined the European Revolution in 1848?

1848

In what year did Rudolf Virchow join the European Revolution?

father of social medicine

What title is given to Rudolf Virchow?

“Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale”

What is Rudolf Virchow's definition of medicine and politics?

Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterism (1891)

What are Rizal's two novels where Virchow's influence is apparent?

Bagumbayan

Where was Rizal executed, where Rudolf Virchow later gave his eulogy?

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Who was Rizal’s colleague from Iloilo and the founder of La Solidaridad?

La Solidaridad

What organization did Graciano Lopez Jaena found?

UST

What institution rejected Graciano Lopez Jaena from studying?

San Juan de Dios in Manila

Where did Graciano Lopez Jaena apprentice after being rejected from UST?

University of Valencia

Where was Graciano Lopez Jaena studying medicine before he died?

TB

What disease caused Graciano Lopez Jaena's death in his 30s?

Mariano Ponce

Who studied medicine in UST and was a regular youth leader pushing nationalism?

General Antonio Luna

Who took chemistry in UST and pharmacy in Spain, and was described as a revolutionary scientist?

Jose Luna

Who was the brother of General Antonio Luna and the physician of the revolution?

Trinidad Pardo de Tavera

Who wrote works on linguistics and the Plantas Medicinales de Filipinas?

Plantas Medicinales de Filipinas

What work on Philippine medicinal plants did Trinidad Pardo de Tavera write?

assimilated liberalism

What ideology did Trinidad Pardo de Tavera advocate for?

Spain did not prepare Filipinos for governance

What was Trinidad Pardo de Tavera’s view regarding Spain's rule?

UP graduates in 1920

To whom did Trinidad Pardo de Tavera suggest they “lay aside sentimental patriotism for scientific patriotism”?

1920

In what year did Trinidad Pardo de Tavera address UP graduates about scientific patriotism?

scientific patriotism

What concept did Trinidad Pardo de Tavera advocate for over sentimental patriotism?

liberty, industry, work, and rationality

What four principles did Trinidad Pardo de Tavera suggest were the way forward under the American regime?

Fernando Calderon

Who was the first Director of the PGH after Musgrave vacated his post?

Musgrave

Who was the previous PGH Director who was poisoned and vacated his post?

PGH

What institution did Fernando Calderon become the first Director of?

Modern Marvels or Markers of Modernity

How were schools built by Americans touted?

licentiate

What type of medical training did Fernando Calderon obtain at UST?

obstetrics

What field did Fernando Calderon study in Paris?

Ormoc

Where did Fernando Calderon become the revolutionary president?

hygiene and the improvement of the masses

What did Fernando Calderon prioritize after the war?

Vicente de Jesus

Who was the first director of health?

Agerico B. M. Sison and Jacobo Fajardo

Name two other scientists who embraced the thrust of modernity and improving conditions for the masses, alongside Fernando Calderon and Vicente de Jesus.

1934

In what year was scientific commitment etched into the constitution?

scientific research

What was written in the 1934 constitution to be supported?

late 19th century

When did physicians and other scientists facilitate modernization in the colonies, marking the root of interconnections and globalization?

resistance to medicine

What sentiment accompanied the pool of colonization initially?

East Indies to Indonesia

Where else was the shift from resisting the colonies to assimilating ideas experienced?

Sun Yat Sen

Who was a doctor who emphasized scientific knowledge and is respected in China and Taiwan?

Kuomintang

What political party fled to Taiwan when Mao Zedong came into power?

Formosa

What was Taiwan called when it was occupied by the Japanese?

Japanese colonial modernity

What idea did Taiwanese medical professionals carry?

refashioning

What is the shift from resistance to assimilation cited as an example of?

Under the Stacks

What book, written by Saul Hofileña, Jr., discusses the twin betrayals during World War II?

Saul Hofileña, Jr.

Who is the author of Under the Stacks?

Makapili and Bisig Bakal

What two groups were involved in the twin betrayals during World War II?

Benigno Ramos

Who founded Sakdalista in 1934?

1934

What year did Benigno Ramos found Sakdalista?

Treaty of Paris

What historical event had been signed by the time the Sakdalista was founded?

Tydings-McDuffie law

The Sakdalista group was formed in opposition to what American law, which promised a 10-year transition period?

10-year transition

How long was the Commonwealth government transition period proposed by the Tydings-McDuffie law?

Commonwealth constitution

What key document was written when the Sakdalista was formed?

Japan

Where was Benigno Ramos exiled when he led disgruntled tenants in Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Cavite, and Bulacan?

May 1939

When was Benigno Ramos arrested for staging insurrections?

estafa

What were the grounds for Benigno Ramos's arrest in May 1939?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Who was the US President that signed the Tydings-McDuffie Law?

March 24, 1934

What is the signing date of the Tydings-McDuffie Law?

May 1, 1934

What is the approval date of the Tydings-McDuffie Law?

July 4, 1946

When did the Tydings-McDuffie law propose granting Philippine independence?

Ganap

What were the Sakdalistas renamed as?

Dec 28, 1940

When was the Sakdalistas Movement outlawed by the Supreme Court?

inciting hatred among the labor class

What were the Sakdalistas accused of, leading to them being outlawed?