Chapter 18 - Biotechnology

Biotechnology tools

are being used for a variety of purposes, including cancer therapies, increased agricultural yields, gene therapies for genetic disorders, de- extinction projects (such as the one to reintroduce the woolly mammoth), and extinction projects (such as attempting to eliminate pathogens that cause human disease), to name a few.

Gel electrophoresis

is a method for separating DNA fragments based on size and charge.

Biotechnology tools

are being used for a variety of purposes, including cancer therapies, increased agricultural yields, gene therapies for genetic disorders, de- extinction projects (such as the one to reintroduce the woolly mammoth), and extinction projects (such as attempting to eliminate pathogens that cause human disease), to name a few.

Gel electrophoresis

is a method for separating DNA fragments based on size and charge.

Bacteriophages

are viruses that may infect bacteria.

positive cathode

A(n) is attached to the gel's bottom, while a negative anode is attached to the gel's top.

Cas9 enzyme

The may be directed to cut at a specific DNA sequence by employing synthesized guide RNA bits that correspond to the intended site of the cut to be produced.

DNA

An electric current is supplied to the gel after samples are put into wells at the top of the gel.

CRISPR

In nature, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()- Cas9 system serves as an adaptive immune system in bacteria.

PCR

includes cycles of DNA replication utilizing primers specific to the beginning and end of the fragment of the DNA sequence to be amplified.

gel

The is typically constructed of agarose and has minute holes through which the DNA fragments flow.

selectable marker

A(n) is required for the foreign plasmid DNA so that cells that have integrated the plasmid DNA can be identified.

Phosphate groups

are somewhat negatively charged.

new virus

When a(n) infects the bacteria, the bacteria compare the DNA sequences from the to those stored in the bacterium.

viral DNA

When a bacteriophage infects a bacterium, the is broken up and inserted between short palindromic repeats in the bacteria's DNA.

Heat shock

is one way of converting bacteria in which bacterial cells are combined with foreign DNA and then exposed to heat.

abundance of phosphate groups

Because of the in DNA molecules, they carry a net negative charge.

Bacterial transformation

involves the introduction of foreign DNA into bacterial cells.

CRISPR

has the ability to modify DNA sequences.

Cas9 enzyme

To determine where to cut DNA, the employs a bit of guide RNA.

PCR

may be used to replicate a particular DNA segment millions of times.