any object submerged in a fluid experience an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
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Bernoulli’s Principle
the pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity increases
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buoyant force
upward force that keeps objects afloat
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pressure
the magnitude of force on a surface per unit area
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Pascal’s Principle
pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the container
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laminar flow
every particle flows is in the same direction/along the same path.
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fluid
gas and liquid
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ideal fluid
A fluid that is incompressible and no internal resistance (viscosity) to flow
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turbulent flow
irregular flow of fluid
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density
A measure of how tightly packed molecules are in a substance
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pascal
SI for pressure
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Magnus effect
the effect a spinning object has on the speed of a fluid which curves the path of flight
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heat
energy transferred from one substance to another bassed on temperature differences
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specific heat capacity
the energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 celsius
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temperature
measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance
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thermal equilibrium
the state in which two bodies in physical contact with each other have same temperatures
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latent heat
heat required to change the state of a substance
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fusion
solid to liquid
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vaporization
liquid to gas
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calorimetry
the process of measuring the amount of heat released or aborbed in a system
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internal energy
energy of a substance due to kinetic energy of its molecules and potential energy that results from the arrangement of molecules
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conduction
heat transfer by direct contact with an object
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convection
heat transfer through fluid
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constructive interference
two waves combined by adding their displacement together
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destructive interference
occurs when waves come together so that they completely cancel each other out; same amplitude in opposite direction
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standing wave
a wave pattern that results when two waves of the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere
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node
areas of wave interference where there is minimum amplitude; where destructive interference occurs
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antinode
where constructive interference occurs; max amplitude of standing wave
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Doppler affect
a frequency shift that is the result of relative motion between the source of waves and an observer
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amplitude
max displacement from equilibrium
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simple harmonic motion
vibration about an equilibrium position in which a restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium
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period
the time it takes to complete one complete cycle (wavelength)
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frequency of wave
the number of cylcle of waves per unit of time
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rarefaction
a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are far apart
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transverse waves
a wave whose particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of motion
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crest of transverse waves
highest point above the equilibrium position
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trough of transverse waves
lowest point below the equilibrium position
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wavelength of waves
the distance between two adjacent similar points of a wave
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longitudinal waves
a wave whose particle vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is traveling
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crest of longitudinal waves
compressed regions
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trough of longitudinal waves
stretched regions
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wave energy
depends on the amplitude
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sound waves are
longitudinal, mechanical waves
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compression
the region of a longitudinal wave in which density and high are at a max, crest
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wave speed depends on
medium
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higher density of medium
higher wave speed
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pitch
a measure of how high or low a sound is perceived to be, depending on the frequency of the sound wave
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intensity
the rate at which energy flows through a unit are perpendicular to the direction of wave motion
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decibel
a dimensionless unit that describes the ratio of two intensities of sound
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harmonic series
a series of frequencies that includes the fundamental frequency and integral multiples of the fundamental frequency that are created along a standing wave
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standing wave
vibration of a system where some points remain fixed
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fundamental frequency/first harmonics
lowest and the most basic frequency of vibration of a standing wave
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Timbre
Quality of sound
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resonance
a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of applied force matches the natural frequency which leads to a larger amplitude of vibration
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total internal reflection
a phenomenon where light is completely reflected when traveling from a denser medium to a less dense medium
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incandescence
light with heat involved
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chemical luminescence
light from chemical reactions
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transparent
when a material transmits all (or almost) incident light
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opaque
when a material does not transmit incident light
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translucent
when a material transmits some incident light
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concave mirror
converging, curving in
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convex mirror
diverging, curving out
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vertex
point priciple axis meets mirror
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polarized light
oscillations of light that lie on one single plane
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unpolarized light
electriomagnetic waves naturally oscillate with more than one orientation
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laser
polarized, coherent light
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light travels from faster (less dense) medium to slower (denser) medium
light refracts towards the normal
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light travels from slower (denser) medium to faster (less dense)
light refracts away from the medium
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convex lens: object between f and lens
virtual, right-side up, enlarged
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concave lens: always
virtual, upright, smaller, between object and lens
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static electricity
when charged particles build up in one place
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electric field
a region in which an electric charge can be detected
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circuit
a closed path in which electrons can flow
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series circuit
a circuit that has only one path for current flow
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parallel circuit
a circuit that has more than one path for current to flow
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electric current
the rate at which electric charge passes through a given area
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ampere
unit for electric current
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resistence
the opposition presented to the current by a material or device
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higher temperature, longer, smaller diameter
more resistance
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fluid dynamics
an area of applied science concerned with the movement of liquids and gases
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viscosity
a fluid’s resistance to flow or thickness of a fluid
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absolute zero
lowest possible temperature
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boiling point
the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor
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melting point
the temperature at which a material changes from a solid to a liquid
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medium
a physical environment through which a disturbance can travel
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wave
the motion of a disturbance
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beats
the periodic variation in the amplitude of a wave that is the superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies
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focus
the point where light rays originating from a point on the object converge
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center of curvature
center of curved mirror
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index of refraction
a measure of how much light bends as travels between mediums
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refraction
the bending of light as it travels from one medium to another
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battery
a device that converts chemical energy into electric energy
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Coulomb
the unit for electric charge
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ohm
the unit for electric resistance
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coherent light
light that has same wavelength, frequency, and phase
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Principle axis doted line perpendicular to lens or mirror
Studied by 81 people
