Physics Final S2 Vocab (copy)

Archimedes’ Principle

any object submerged in a fluid experience an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Bernoulli’s Principle

the pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity increases

buoyant force

upward force that keeps objects afloat

pressure

the magnitude of force on a surface per unit area

Pascal’s Principle

pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the container

laminar flow

every particle flows is in the same direction/along the same path.

fluid

gas and liquid

ideal fluid

A fluid that is incompressible and no internal resistance (viscosity) to flow

turbulent flow

irregular flow of fluid

density

A measure of how tightly packed molecules are in a substance

pascal

SI for pressure

Magnus effect

the effect a spinning object has on the speed of a fluid which curves the path of flight

heat

energy transferred from one substance to another bassed on temperature differences

specific heat capacity

the energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 celsius

temperature

measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

thermal equilibrium

the state in which two bodies in physical contact with each other have same temperatures

latent heat

heat required to change the state of a substance

fusion

solid to liquid

vaporization

liquid to gas

calorimetry

the process of measuring the amount of heat released or aborbed in a system

internal energy

energy of a substance due to kinetic energy of its molecules and potential energy that results from the arrangement of molecules

conduction

heat transfer by direct contact with an object

convection

heat transfer through fluid

constructive interference

two waves combined by adding their displacement together

destructive interference

occurs when waves come together so that they completely cancel each other out; same amplitude in opposite direction

standing wave

a wave pattern that results when two waves of the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere

node

areas of wave interference where there is minimum amplitude; where destructive interference occurs

antinode

where constructive interference occurs; max amplitude of standing wave

Doppler affect

a frequency shift that is the result of relative motion between the source of waves and an observer

amplitude

max displacement from equilibrium

simple harmonic motion

vibration about an equilibrium position in which a restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium

period

the time it takes to complete one complete cycle (wavelength)

frequency of wave

the number of cylcle of waves per unit of time

rarefaction

a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are far apart

transverse waves

a wave whose particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of motion

crest of transverse waves

highest point above the equilibrium position

trough of transverse waves

lowest point below the equilibrium position

wavelength of waves

the distance between two adjacent similar points of a wave

longitudinal waves

a wave whose particle vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is traveling

crest of longitudinal waves

compressed regions

trough of longitudinal waves

stretched regions

wave energy

depends on the amplitude

sound waves are

longitudinal, mechanical waves

compression

the region of a longitudinal wave in which density and high are at a max, crest

wave speed depends on

medium

higher density of medium

higher wave speed

pitch

a measure of how high or low a sound is perceived to be, depending on the frequency of the sound wave

intensity

the rate at which energy flows through a unit are perpendicular to the direction of wave motion

decibel

a dimensionless unit that describes the ratio of two intensities of sound

harmonic series

a series of frequencies that includes the fundamental frequency and integral multiples of the fundamental frequency that are created along a standing wave

standing wave

vibration of a system where some points remain fixed

fundamental frequency/first harmonics

lowest and the most basic frequency of vibration of a standing wave

Timbre

Quality of sound

resonance

a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of applied force matches the natural frequency which leads to a larger amplitude of vibration

total internal reflection

a phenomenon where light is completely reflected when traveling from a denser medium to a less dense medium

incandescence

light with heat involved

chemical luminescence

light from chemical reactions

transparent

when a material transmits all (or almost) incident light

opaque

when a material does not transmit incident light

translucent

when a material transmits some incident light

concave mirror

converging, curving in

convex mirror

diverging, curving out

vertex

point priciple axis meets mirror

polarized light

oscillations of light that lie on one single plane

unpolarized light

electriomagnetic waves naturally oscillate with more than one orientation

laser

polarized, coherent light

light travels from faster (less dense) medium to slower (denser) medium

light refracts towards the normal

light travels from slower (denser) medium to faster (less dense)

light refracts away from the medium

convex lens: object between f and lens

virtual, right-side up, enlarged

concave lens: always

virtual, upright, smaller, between object and lens

static electricity

when charged particles build up in one place

electric field

a region in which an electric charge can be detected

circuit

a closed path in which electrons can flow

series circuit

a circuit that has only one path for current flow

parallel circuit

a circuit that has more than one path for current to flow

electric current

the rate at which electric charge passes through a given area

ampere

unit for electric current

resistence

the opposition presented to the current by a material or device

higher temperature, longer, smaller diameter

more resistance

fluid dynamics

an area of applied science concerned with the movement of liquids and gases

viscosity

a fluid’s resistance to flow or thickness of a fluid

absolute zero

lowest possible temperature

boiling point

the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor

melting point

the temperature at which a material changes from a solid to a liquid

medium

a physical environment through which a disturbance can travel

wave

the motion of a disturbance

beats

the periodic variation in the amplitude of a wave that is the superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies

focus

the point where light rays originating from a point on the object converge

center of curvature

center of curved mirror

index of refraction

a measure of how much light bends as travels between mediums

refraction

the bending of light as it travels from one medium to another

battery

a device that converts chemical energy into electric energy

Coulomb

the unit for electric charge

ohm

the unit for electric resistance

coherent light

light that has same wavelength, frequency, and phase

Principle axis doted line perpendicular to lens or mirror

doted line perpendicular to lens or mirror