AMSCO 7.5 & 7.8 - Google Docs

Victorian Era

Period named after Queen Victoria of England, noted for social and intellectual progress, including evolutionism, realism, and empiricism.

Materialism

Philosophy that everything, including the human mind, is closely related to physical matter.

Positivism

Philosophy that emphasizes knowledge based on sensory experience and rational analysis, asserting that science alone provides knowledge.

Auguste Comte

French philosopher recognized as the founder of positivism and one of the founders of sociology.

Modernism

Cultural movement that embraced industrialization, social change, and scientific advancement while rejecting traditional belief systems.

Irrationalism

Philosophy that moves beyond rational interpretations to emphasize human impulses and struggle as a means of progress.

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who questioned Western philosophy and morality, associated with nihilism.

Syndicalism

Belief in the need for revolutionary action to replace traditional government with one based on labor unions.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which investigates the unconscious mind.

Albert Einstein

Physicist who developed the theories of special relativity and general relativity, redefining the understanding of space, time, and gravity.

Max Planck

German physicist who generated quantum theory, revolutionizing understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.

Romanticism

Cultural movement that emphasized emotion and imagination over logic and reason, serving as a backlash against Enlightenment rationalism.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Composer known for his dramatic changes in pitch and harmony, a significant figure in the Romantic music movement.

Frédéric Chopin

Polish composer known for his piano compositions, including concertos and mazurkas.

Realism

Artistic movement that rejected imaginative fantasy in favor of strict observation and accurate depiction of contemporary life.

Gustave Courbet

French artist who incorporated political views into realist art, emphasizing social issues.

Honoré de Balzac

French author known for his series 'La Comédie humaine,' which pioneered the realist movement in literature.

Naturalism

Literary movement emphasizing a more accurate representation of reality, linked to scientific determinism.

Impressionism

Art movement that emphasized light and color as primary subjects, reflecting a shift towards more subjective and emotional content.

Cubism

Art movement that abandoned traditional perspective and representation to depict subjects from multiple viewpoints simultaneously.

Vincent Van Gogh

Dutch painter known for his emotional expression through bold colors and dynamic brushwork in works like 'The Starry Night.'