AP EURO CH12 FLASHCARDS

Renaissance

A "rebirth" of classical antiquity.

Petrarch

Considered the father of the Renaissance and humanism; laid the intellectual framework for rediscovering classical texts.

Jacob Burckhardt

Swiss historian who viewed the Renaissance as a complete change and improvement over the Middle Ages.

Classical antiquity

A historical period from the 8th century BCE to the 5th century CE centered around Greek and Roman cultures.

Hanseatic League

A commercial and military association that established settlements and commercial bases in various cities.

L’uomo universal

The concept of a well-rounded personality, also known as the Renaissance Man.

Medici Family

An important banking family in Italy that ruled Florence and funded the Italian Renaissance.

Reconquista

The effort in Spain to guarantee Christian orthodoxy by converting Jews and Muslims to Christianity.

Italian balance-of-power

The political dynamics among Florence, Venice, Milan, Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples that prevented centralization.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Prominent writer who argued that a ruler's main goal should be to preserve power at all costs.

The Prince

A work by Machiavelli discussing the nature of power and leadership.

Individualism

Emphasis on the triumphs of the individual over the community.

Humanism

Focus on human potential and nature, inspired by classical antiquity.

Civic humanism

Application of humanism to public life and political realities.

Liberal arts curriculum

Educational reform emphasizing rhetoric, grammar, logic, history, and moral philosophy.

Secularism

The separation of religious belief from societal norms.

Pico della Mirandola

Philosopher who spoke of human potential and social mobility.

Oration on the Dignity of Man

A work by Pico della Mirandola discussing human potential.

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press, which revolutionized the spread of ideas.

Renaissance Art

Characterized by techniques such as perspective, chiaroscuro, and sfumato.

Perspective

A technique in art to create an illusion of depth.

Chiaroscuro

The use of light and shadow to create contrast in art.

Sfumato

A technique of blending colors in painting.

Contrapposto

A pose in sculpture where weight is shifted onto one leg.

Pyramid configuration

A geometric arrangement of figures in art.

Oil on canvas

A painting technique using oil paints on canvas.

Fresco

A technique of painting on wet plaster, often used in churches.

Giotto

Regarded as the founder of Renaissance art for accurately depicting life.

Masaccio

Founder of early Renaissance painting; first to portray human figures realistically.

Botticelli

Known for his decorative style and the "Birth of Venus."

Donatello

Revived classical sculpture style with his work "David."

Da Vinci

A quintessential Renaissance man known for his diverse talents and works like "Mona Lisa."

Raphael

Influenced by Da Vinci; known for his harmonious compositions and gentle demeanor.

Michelangelo

Renowned artist who elevated the status of artists; famous for "The Creation of Adam."

Van Eyck

Notable Northern Renaissance painter known for detailed works.

Albrecht Durer

A German artist and scholar known for his contributions to art and science.

New Monarchs

Renaissance kings who centralized power in their respective countries.

Gabelle

A tax on salt in France.

Taille

A land tax levied on commoners in France.

Concordat of Bologna

Agreement giving French kings power over the church.

Court of Star Chamber

A court established by Henry VII to control the nobility in England.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Spanish monarchs who unified Spain and financed Columbus.

Spanish Inquisition

A campaign to convert non-Catholics in Spain through persecution.

Fall of Constantinople

The event that spread Renaissance ideas to Italy.

John Wyclif

Theologian who criticized the practices of the medieval church; followers known as Lollards.

Jan Hus

Czech reformer who sought to eliminate corruption in the church; burned at the stake.

Nepotism

Favoritism shown to relatives in promotions or positions.

Pluralism

When clergy own multiple churches, leading to absenteeism.

Absenteeism

When clergy do not attend their own churches regularly.

Thomas More

Wrote about societal corruption and the potential for reform.

Erasmus

Christian humanist who criticized religious corruption and advocated for imitating Christ.

Boccaccio

Author of "The Decameron," reflecting a worldly society.