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Renaissance
A "rebirth" of classical antiquity.
Petrarch
Considered the father of the Renaissance and humanism; laid the intellectual framework for rediscovering classical texts.
Jacob Burckhardt
Swiss historian who viewed the Renaissance as a complete change and improvement over the Middle Ages.
Classical antiquity
A historical period from the 8th century BCE to the 5th century CE centered around Greek and Roman cultures.
Hanseatic League
A commercial and military association that established settlements and commercial bases in various cities.
L’uomo universal
The concept of a well-rounded personality, also known as the Renaissance Man.
Medici Family
An important banking family in Italy that ruled Florence and funded the Italian Renaissance.
Reconquista
The effort in Spain to guarantee Christian orthodoxy by converting Jews and Muslims to Christianity.
Italian balance-of-power
The political dynamics among Florence, Venice, Milan, Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples that prevented centralization.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Prominent writer who argued that a ruler's main goal should be to preserve power at all costs.
The Prince
A work by Machiavelli discussing the nature of power and leadership.
Individualism
Emphasis on the triumphs of the individual over the community.
Humanism
Focus on human potential and nature, inspired by classical antiquity.
Civic humanism
Application of humanism to public life and political realities.
Liberal arts curriculum
Educational reform emphasizing rhetoric, grammar, logic, history, and moral philosophy.
Secularism
The separation of religious belief from societal norms.
Pico della Mirandola
Philosopher who spoke of human potential and social mobility.
Oration on the Dignity of Man
A work by Pico della Mirandola discussing human potential.
Johannes Gutenberg
Inventor of the printing press, which revolutionized the spread of ideas.
Renaissance Art
Characterized by techniques such as perspective, chiaroscuro, and sfumato.
Perspective
A technique in art to create an illusion of depth.
Chiaroscuro
The use of light and shadow to create contrast in art.
Sfumato
A technique of blending colors in painting.
Contrapposto
A pose in sculpture where weight is shifted onto one leg.
Pyramid configuration
A geometric arrangement of figures in art.
Oil on canvas
A painting technique using oil paints on canvas.
Fresco
A technique of painting on wet plaster, often used in churches.
Giotto
Regarded as the founder of Renaissance art for accurately depicting life.
Masaccio
Founder of early Renaissance painting; first to portray human figures realistically.
Botticelli
Known for his decorative style and the "Birth of Venus."
Donatello
Revived classical sculpture style with his work "David."
Da Vinci
A quintessential Renaissance man known for his diverse talents and works like "Mona Lisa."
Raphael
Influenced by Da Vinci; known for his harmonious compositions and gentle demeanor.
Michelangelo
Renowned artist who elevated the status of artists; famous for "The Creation of Adam."
Van Eyck
Notable Northern Renaissance painter known for detailed works.
Albrecht Durer
A German artist and scholar known for his contributions to art and science.
New Monarchs
Renaissance kings who centralized power in their respective countries.
Gabelle
A tax on salt in France.
Taille
A land tax levied on commoners in France.
Concordat of Bologna
Agreement giving French kings power over the church.
Court of Star Chamber
A court established by Henry VII to control the nobility in England.
Ferdinand and Isabella
Spanish monarchs who unified Spain and financed Columbus.
Spanish Inquisition
A campaign to convert non-Catholics in Spain through persecution.
Fall of Constantinople
The event that spread Renaissance ideas to Italy.
John Wyclif
Theologian who criticized the practices of the medieval church; followers known as Lollards.
Jan Hus
Czech reformer who sought to eliminate corruption in the church; burned at the stake.
Nepotism
Favoritism shown to relatives in promotions or positions.
Pluralism
When clergy own multiple churches, leading to absenteeism.
Absenteeism
When clergy do not attend their own churches regularly.
Thomas More
Wrote about societal corruption and the potential for reform.
Erasmus
Christian humanist who criticized religious corruption and advocated for imitating Christ.
Boccaccio
Author of "The Decameron," reflecting a worldly society.
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