American Yawp Chapter 8 - 11

The sudden influx of immigrants to the U.S. between the 1820s and the 1860s triggered a backlash among native-born Anglo-Protestant Americans, who were particularly hostile towards immigrants who practiced what religion, with nativists establishing their own political party in the 1850s called the American Party, also called the Know-Nothing Party?

Catholicism

In the early 19th century, wage workers — most of whom were poor Americans or immigrants — earned low wages and worked long hours under dangerous working conditions, prompting many employees to organize into associations of workers called what?

unions

Marriage was a civil contract that legally rendered women dead per what custom, which counted married couples as a single unit represented by the husband, with the married woman unable to earn her own money, own her own property, sue, or be sued?

coverture

In 1842, U.S. labor activists fought to protect child laborers, resulting in the passage of a Massachusetts law that prohibited children under the age of 12 from working over 10 hours a day, with every state in what region following suit by the mid-19th century?

New England

In 1825, New York State completed what 350-mile-long human-made canal, which connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean, permitting the shipment of crops from the Great Lakes to eastern cities and goods from eastern factories to the Midwest?

Erie Canal

In the 1840s, labor activists advocated for limiting work hours as well as protecting children in factories, with the New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics and Other Workingmen (NEA) mobilizing to establish a work day that consisted of how many hours across all industries?

ten / 10

Congress made harboring a fugitive slave a federal crime in 1793, yet few Northern slaveholders had emancipated their slaves, with slavery remaining active in what Northern state after the Civil War?

New Jersey

The slave population grew nationally from less than 700,000 in 1790 to over 1.5 million slaves by 1820, despite the decline of slavery and the growth of what movement in the North?

abolition

Farm labor was in short supply in the Northeast and Midwest, where farmers invested in new technologies to increase productivity, from Cyrus McCormick's horse-drawn mechanical reaper to the steel-bladed plough, which was invented by what Vermont-born inventor in 1837?

John Deere

In the early republic, workers in manufacturing often worked at each stage of production; yet, the emergence of what type of system in the 19th century divided production into discrete steps performed by different laborers?

piece work

Railroad development moved slowly in what U.S. region during the 19th century?

The South

The 19th century market revolution created a cash economy for which young workers earned wages rather than receiving room and board, which replaced the early republic's system of barter and trade, with what becoming the new measure of economic worth?

income

What movement focused on improving road, canal, and railroad networks, which expanded access to the vast lands west of the Appalachian Mountains?

transportation revolution

Robert Fulton founded what commercial service that began operation in the Hudson River in New York in 1807, and subsequently expanded to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, resulting in over 200 steamboats traveling western rivers by 1830?

steamboat

Thousands of women textile laborers in Lowell, Massachusetts, walked off their jobs in 1834 and 1836 to protest poor working conditions, long days, and low pay, resulting in President Van Buren establishing a 10-hour-day for laborers working on federal what?

public works projects

What new U.S. economic model entailed free-labor factories in the North with an increasing need for cotton, which spurred the expansion of slave-labor plantations in the South, with textile companies comprising the majority of U.S. corporations by 1832?

market revolution

Over 5 million what arrived in the U.S. from 1820 to 1860, with Irish, German, and Jewish people seeking better lives and economic opportunities, resulting in ca. 1 out of every 8 Americans being born outside of the U.S. by the 1860s?

immigrants

In the early 19th century, state and local governments funded railroad lines in major cities like Philadelphia, Boston, Charleston, and New York to transport agricultural goods to the Appalachian West, establishing the 1st long-distance railroad line in the U.S. in what U.S. city in 1827?

Baltimore

Many Americans distrusted the new business entity whose officers lacked personal liability; meanwhile, the Supreme Court upheld the rights of these entities, called what, in Dartmouth v. Woodward in 1819?

corporations

From 1840 to 1860, 1.7 million Irish fled starvation that resulted from what famine, and migrated to the U.S., where they took on manual, unskilled labor in dangerous occupations, and endured nativist hostility?

Irish Famine / Potato Famine / Great Famine / Great Hunger

In the early republic, many workers formed trade unions to protect their economic power, created closed shops — workplaces wherein employers only could hire union members — and struck to improve working conditions within industries in U.S. cities; yet, unions were illegal until 1842, when the Supreme Judicial Court of what state ruled in favor of union organization?

Massachusetts

By 1860, Americans had installed over 30,000 miles of railroads, allowing Northeastern and Midwestern farmers to transport their goods to what type of U.S. market?

urban

What began slowly in the U.S., with a free black population of ca. 60,000 in 1790 expanding to only 186,000 in 1810; yet, free blacks could vote and send their children to public schools in New England, and many free blacks had property rights, trial by jury, and owned businesses in the North?

emancipation

Congress funded a 40-mile telegraph line from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore in 1843 thanks to Samuel Morse, which resulted in telegraph lines carrying news throughout the U.S. with alacrity within just a few years, sparking what revolution?

communications revolution

In the market economy, women engaged in what kind of labor as factory workers, piece-workers producing items for market consumption, tavern and inn keepers, and domestic servants, while also performing domestic duties?

wage

When the U.S. ended its legal participation in what global trade in 1808, slave traders moved 1 million slaves from the tobacco-based Upper South to the cotton-based Lower South from 1790 to 1860?

slave trade

A shift away from institutional marriage — a labor arrangement that maximized a couple's and their children's chances of surviving and thriving — to companionate marriage — which emphasized character, attraction, and compatibility in potential partners — began in the early 19th century; yet, marriage still triggered the largest redistribution of what before settling an estate at death?

property

The market economy forced many women and children into the workforce to supplement the low wages of male workers, which prevented such children from attending what, making a "sheltered" childhood a privilege of middle- and upper-class families, whose children had access to formal education?

school

The U.S. labor movement promoted the superiority of the Northern system of commerce over the institution of slavery in the South, and challenged the spread of what during the 1840s?

slavery

As the North embraced the market economy, many Americans realized that the growing gap between wealthy businessmen and impoverished wage laborers was in part the result of what economic and political system?

capitalism

From 1820 to 1840, over 250,000 Irish immigrants settled primarily in cities and towns in the Northeast, performing unskilled work, and sending portions of their wages home, which their relatives used to purchase tickets to come to the U.S., an immigration practice called what?

chain migration

Thanks to Francis Cabot Lowell's industrial espionage, the powered loom design used in the textile mills of Manchester, England was implemented in the U.S., where the textile industry was reorganized and centralized, with the 1st modern textile mill built in what U.S. state in 1821?

Massachusetts

The mechanized and commercialized production of the market revolution relieved many women of the labor-intensive duty of producing what, transforming women from producers to consumers, and freeing up many women to labor as seamstresses, laundresses, and boarding house managers?

cloth

What phenomenon increased trade, shifted the center of manufacturing, and spurred the growth of cities, with only New York City and Philadelphia having populations of over 100,000 citizens in 1820, but by 1850, 6 U.S. cities met this threshold, including Chicago, founded in 1833?

market revolution

Slavery greatly increased in the South thanks to the development of what new profitable staple crop, coupled with Eli Whitney's invention, which gave Southern planters the ability to expand cotton production for both national and international markets?

cotton

Manufacturers who wanted to increase output hired unskilled wage laborers who did not require training in all facets of a particular task, resulting in factories slowly replacing what, and workers being freed from the long-term, paternalistic obligations of the apprenticeships of the early republic?

shops

Respectively caused by rampant speculation primarily in land, land and slaves, and railroad bonds, economic what devastated the U.S. economy in 1819, 1837, and 1857?

depressions

What is the ideology that classified the public realm — the world of economic production and political power — as a male domain, and the private realm — the world of household consumers and domesticity — as a female domain?

separate spheres

By the early 19th century, Northern states had taken steps to abolish slavery, with Vermont and Pennsylvania initially passing what type of emancipation laws in the late-18th century, which promised to liberate future children born to enslaved mothers, yet required said children to remain in indentured servitude to their mother's master?

gradual

During the antebellum era most of the 1.5 million Catholic and Jewish immigrants from German states traveled as families; brought skills and capital with them, which allowed them to enter middle class trades; and settled in burgeoning rural communities such as St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Milwaukee, 3 cities that would form what?

German Triangle

Immigrants of what cultural community, hailing from southwestern Germany and Poland, moved to the U.S. via chain migration and in family units, with most settling in cities where they worked in retail, commerce, and artisanal occupations such as tailoring?

Jewish

Despite U.S. exports rapidly increasing in value from 1790 to 1807, when revolutionary wars devastated Europe, exorbitant internal transportation costs hindered U.S. economic development, prompting U.S. leaders to build national infrastructure, from roads and canals to railroads, which eased the transport of goods within the U.S. after what war in North America?

War of 1812

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams used Andrew Jackson's military successes in the First Seminole War to persuade Spain to accept the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, which gave what state to the U.S.?

Florida

In the early 19th century, U.S. politics experienced sectional conflict among the North, South, and West, with Northern politicians asserting that Southern states wielded disproportionate influence in federal politics, and that what Southern state influenced the federal government more than any other state?

Virginia

After President Jackson learned that his Vice President secretly had called for nullification in 1828, Jackson replaced John C. Calhoun with what New York statesman when Jackson ran for re-election in 1832?

Martin Van Buren

What Kentucky Senator held private meetings to persuade anti-Jackson leaders from different backgrounds to unite under the Whig Party, which garnered public support after the Panic of 1837, became increasingly well-organized, and by late 1839, held its 1st national convention in Pennsylvania?

Henry Clay

A key issue dividing Americans during Jackson's presidency was a sectional dispute over what national policy, which came to define Jackson's unrestricted approach to government?

tax

America's economic problems worsened, with sales of Western land by the federal government spurring speculation and poorly regulated lending practices, which created a real estate bubble, after President Jackson disbanded what federal entity?

Bank of the U.S.

President Jackson and many of his supporters suspected that the Bank of the U.S. gave politicians financial favors, and blamed the national bank for what crisis, which evolved into a major economic depression made worse by the national bank's irresponsible lending and subsequent hoarding of gold?

Panic of 1819

Many Northerners claimed that Southern states' desire to protect slavery while Northern states gradually emancipating slaves, had created a dangerous voting what in Congress?

bloc

Some skilled white laborers or members of the "lower-middle class" who primarily lived in cities in what region of the U.S., joined free black activists in protests against racial inequality in the 1830s?

Northern

When white settlers, who owed thousands of slaves, located in an area within the Louisiana Purchase applied for statehood in 1819, Congress decided in 1820 to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, to divide the rest of the Louisiana Purchase along the southern border of Missouri, and to prohibit slavery in new states north of this line and permit slavery in new states south of the line, a compromise called what?

Missouri Compromise

What event led to a general economic depression in the U.S., where 200 banks closed, cash and credit became scarce, prices declined, trade slowed, 8 states and a territorial government defaulted on loans made by British banks, the total capital of U.S. banks dropped by 40% from 1839 to 1843, and normal banking activity did not resume until late 1842?

The Panic of 1837

Many Americans, including "ordinary citizens," participated in early U.S. politics, making decisions that directly affected governance, which distressed the founding elites, who believed that too much participation would prevent the creation of what kind of a society in terms of governance?

republican

Southerners wanted Andrew Jackson to end what tariff — passed by Congress in 1828 — which was an import tax that increased the cost of European goods in the U.S., prompted European nations to increase their tariffs, reduced foreign purchases of the South's raw materials, and forced Southerners to buy goods from Northern manufacturers at higher prices?

Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations

What is the name of the Tennessee slaveholder, lawyer, military general, U.S. representative, and Senator, whose nickname was Old Hickory, who became the 7th U.S. President in 1828?

Andrew Jackson

Driven by anti-immigrant, nativist sentiment, what political party, also called the Know-Nothings, formed in the 1850s with the goal of winning offices across the U.S.?

American Party

President Jackson waged war against what federal entity, which was created to stabilize the early republic's growing economy; required banks to pay their debts in gold; was designed to prevent state banks from issuing too many paper banknotes; and was intended to yield high profits for its private stockholders?

Bank of the U.S.

In fall 1836, America's economic bubbles started bursting, prompting federal land sales to plummet, runs on banks, and banks being drained of gold and silver, forcing them to stop redeeming banknotes, which sparked what event?

The Panic of 1837

In 1824, 4 nominees hailing from different regions of the U.S. competed for the presidency in 1 of the closest elections in U.S. History, resulting in Andrew Jackson winning the most popular votes, but there was no majority winner in the Electoral College, which forced the House of Representatives to decide the election, who made what politician the 6th U.S. President?

John Quincy Adams

The Secretary of the Treasury and the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury refused to remove all government deposits from the national bank in 1833, to which Jackson responded by firing both cabinet members, and asserting that the federal government would do business with what type of banks instead?

state

In 1832, Congress voted to reauthorize the Bank of the U.S., to which President Jackson responded with a what, calling the bank unconstitutional, for it had powers that were not granted in the Constitution, and was a means for well-connected people to get richer at everyone else's expense?

veto

Nativists strongly opposed Catholic immigrants, especially from Ireland and Germany, with many members of what Christian faith professing fear that Catholicism would take over the U.S. political system, just as their ancestors had feared it would conquer England?

Protestant / Protestantism

Elite white South Carolinians retaliated against the Tariff of 1828, for they saw the tariff as an attempt by the federal government to limit slavery, prompting Vice President and South Carolinian John C. Calhoun to secretly draft the "South Carolina Exposition and Protest," based on what doctrine, which asserted that the U.S. constituted a compact among the states, with each state, being sovereign, legally could void a federal statute deemed unconstitutional?

nullification

President Jackson denounced South Carolina's ordinance of nullification, declared disunion a treasonous act, and vowed to hang Calhoun and any other nullifier who defied federal power; yet, Jackson had what statesmen broker a compromise with Calhoun, resulting in the passage of legislation that slowly lowered federal tariff rates, prompting South Carolina to rescinded nullification?

Henry Clay

The racial and ethnic resentment harbored towards free blacks, American Indians, and Irish Catholics converged in a wave of what in U.S. cities in the 1830s, with thousands of white rioters torching an antislavery meeting house and attacking black churches and homes in Philadelphia, while near St. Louis, whites murdered abolitionist newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy?

riots

Ohio candidate William Henry Harrison ran on what party's ticket, winning the presidential election of 1840; however, when Harrison died after 31 days in office, his Vice President, Virginia Senator John Tyler, a slaveowning state rights' advocate, became President, and subsequently adopted policies that reflected President Jackson's values?

Whig Party

During the early republic, state governments lowered property requirements so poor white men could vote, with many Northern states enacting discriminatory voting laws by 1839 to prevent free blacks from voting, with only 4 exceptions in what U.S. region?

New England

What political party, which emerged in 1834, grew out of the political coalition of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, and consisted of anti-Jackson proslavery Southerners and antislavery Northerners?

Whig Party

White actor Thomas Dartmouth Rice appeared on stage in what, while he sang and danced as a clownish slave named, "Jim Crow," which spurred many white entertainers to copy him, turning cruel stereotypes into a popular form of antebellum entertainment?

blackface

In June 1836, Congress increased the number of state-chartered banks receiving federal deposits, which redistributed funds of banks already receiving money to other banks, prompting the Treasury Department to issue what order in July 1836, requiring payment in hard currency for all federal land purchases, which resulted in land buyers draining Eastern banks of gold and silver?

Specie Circular

Under the leadership of Martin Van Buren, Jackson's supporters built a highly organized national political party called what, which was the 1st modern party in the U.S., with a centralized leadership structure and a consistent ideological program for all levels of government?

Democratic Party

In 1832, John C. Calhoun attended a convention in what state, where statesmen declared the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional, nullified them within the state, ordered customs officers not to collect tariff revenue, and declared any federal attempt to enforce the tariffs as cause for the state to secede from the Union?

South Carolina

What was the name of the international network of social clubs whose members engaged in secret traditions, it became a secular fraternal order that supported the ideals of the Enlightenment during the 18th century, and whose membership included statesmen such as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay?

Freemasonry

What organization in Boston was comprised of women of different classes who organized boycotts of consumer products that came from slave labor, and sold handmade goods at antislavery fundraising fairs?

Female Anti-Slavery Society

Anti-Masonic committees met in 1827 across New York state, agreeing to boycott any political candidate who was a Freemason, which led to another convention held in 1828, at which attendees drafted the "Anti-Masonic Declaration of Independence," which became the basis for the formation of what political party, which later was folded into the Whig Party?

Anti-Masonic Party

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, enfranchised Americans voted in high numbers, and politically active citizens made public demonstrations, delivered partisan speeches, petitioned Congress, openly criticized the president and elected leaders, and insisted that all citizens had sovereignty, for they believed the U.S. was what kind of a republic, in terms of governance?

democratic

After President Tyler twice vetoed charters for another Bank of the U.S., most of his cabinet resigned, the Whigs turned on him, and proceeded to elect 2 more U.S. Presidents; yet, the party remained deeply divided, especially over what issue, and ultimately disbanded in 1856?

slavery

In 1828, Adams and Jackson engaged in a bitter presidential election, with pro-Jackson partisans accusing Adams of elitism and engaging in improper diplomatic relations with Russia, while Adams's supporters accused Jackson of murder and attacked the morality of his what, asserting that Jackson had married his 2nd wife before the divorce to her previous husband was final?

marriage

The Second Great Awakening sparked the founding of religious communities that challenged social norms, such as the Shakers, who enforced celibacy in their many communes in New England and in the upper Midwest, and the upstate New York Community named what, whose members practiced free love?

Oneida

Evangelical reform activists collaborated to eradicate alcohol, dueling, gambling, prostitution, and non-religious activity on the Sabbath; to reform prisons, insane asylums, labor laws, and education; to develop programs that provided social work and job placement for adults and children in slums; and built free medical dispensaries and what for children in the early 19th century?

orphanages

In 1835, abolitionists inundated Southern slaveholders with calls to emancipate their slaves via the U.S. Postal Service, to which Southerners responded with harassment and violent threats; 1 year later, abolitionists prepared 1000's of petitions for Congress per what campaign?

Great Petition Campaign

What reform movement focused on curbing alcohol consumption — and later, abstinence — boomed after the Revolution, when alcoholism became an endemic problem across the U.S. into the 1820s, was championed by prominent preachers, garnered widespread support among the middle class, and was the most successful U.S. social reform movement?

temperance

Narratives of moral and social decline, called what, which had long played a role in Protestant story-telling traditions, increased post disestablishment in the early 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution and the spread of capitalism sparked a host of social problems associated with cities and commerce?

jeremiads

The revivals of the Second Great Awakening spurred growth in evangelical denominations, schisms within the Methodist and Baptist churches, and other Protestants to form their own churches, including Joseph Smith of New York, the founder of what faith?

Mormon

What act passed in 1850 harshly penalized not only officials who did not arrest runaway slaves, but also private citizens who tried to help them, resulting in armed mobs protecting runaway slaves in the North, while abolitionists engaged in bloody skirmishes in the West during the 1850s?

Fugitive Slave Act

In 1840, Lucretia Mott was among the U.S. delegates attending the World Antislavery Convention in London, where convention organizers refused to seat the female delegates or allow them to vote during the proceedings, prompting Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to organize what 2-day summit in New York in 1848, during which women's rights advocates outlined grievances and solutions regarding married women's right to property, access to professions, and the right to vote?

Seneca Falls Convention

What movement sparked social reform work and the founding of voluntary benevolent societies, led by ministers and dominated by middle-class women, who distributed Protestant tracts, taught Sunday school, evangelized in frontier towns and urban slums, and launched major social reform campaigns, such as abolition, temperance, and women's rights?

Second Great Awakening

Transatlantic antislavery networks grew during the antebellum era, as evidenced by what event of 1840, when over 500 abolitionists, mainly from France, England, and the U.S., met in England?

General Antislavery Convention

In 1836, Whig and Democrat leaders passed what restriction on freedom of political expression, which prohibited discussing abolitionist petitions in the House of Representatives?

gag rule

Joseph Smith introduced secret rites in Mormon temples, and, along with a select group of his most loyal followers, took additional wives — Smith married at least 30 women — a practice called what, which Mormons did not openly practice until 1852, when they relocated to the shores of the Great Salt Lake in what present-day state, 8 years after a mob murdered Smith?

polygamy

In 1839, abolitionists formed what political party, which was predicated on the belief that the U.S. Constitution was an antislavery document that could be used to abolish slavery through the federal political system?

Liberty Party

American women could not initiate divorce, make wills, sign contracts, or vote, and had no legal rights over their children, for women were viewed as guardians of virtue and spiritual heads of the home; were expected to be pious, submissive, and domestic; and to pass virtue on to their children, a set of expectations called what?

Cult of Domesticity

In the 1840s, abolitionists focused on resistance by helping runaway slaves, establishing international antislavery support networks to pressure the U.S. to abolish slavery, and sponsoring talks by what skillful orator and escaped slave, whose autobiography was published in 1845 and subsequently translated into several languages?

Frederick Douglass

Revivalist Charles Grandison Finney advanced what movement — based on the idea that truly redeemed Christians lived sin-free lives that reflected the perfection of God — in the U.S. during the early 19th century, garnering many adherents and spurring the creation of benevolent societies?

perfectionism

What movement's adherents believed in a higher spiritual principle — called Soul, Spirit, Mind, or Reason — within each person that could uncover truth, guide moral action, and inspire art; engaged in communal living experiments; and emphasized individualism, optimism, oneness with nature, and looking toward the future, which resonated with early 19th century Americans?

Transcendentalism

After launching an interracial abolitionist crusade that called for immediate emancipation and black citizenship, in 1833, William Lloyd Garrison presided over reformers from 10 states who met to create what organization, which sought immediate emancipation to save the souls of slaves and slaveholders alike?

American Antislavery Society

Early 19th century revivalism spurred the creation of networks of reform societies throughout the U.S. from 1815 to 1861, which blended religion and reform into a robust force called what, which was led by evangelical ministers who cultivated a respectable culture among U.S. middle class women, who spearheaded reform activity, a major shift from previous generations?

benevolent empire

Transatlantic cooperation among women galvanized reform efforts focused on similar problems related to alcohol, labor, religion, education, commerce, and land ownership in both nations, which propelled U.S. women reformers into a global mission to attack social ills and spread the gospel of what?

Christianity

Evangelical missionaries who introduced Christianity to the Cherokee Nation with some success in the early 19th century, opposed what 1830 act, which was advocated by President Andrew Jackson?

Indian Removal Act