Chapter 2 : Chemical Principles

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53 Terms

1

atoms

smallest compnent of a substance, it cannot be divide into

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2

atomic number

number of proteins in the nucleus

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3

Atomic mass

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom approximant atomic mass

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4

molecular mass

the sum of the atomic mass of all it atoms m

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5

mole

a substance is a substance molecular md shown in grams ( used to relate the molecular level to the laboratory )

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6

dalton( da)

the unit of molecular mass

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7

chemicals reactions

the making or braking of bonds between atoms

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8

ionic

an attraction between icons of opposite charges that hold them together to form molecules ( weak bonds are important for reactions with antigens & antibodies reactions )

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9

covalent

a bond formed by two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons, the most common bond responsible for holding atoms of most molecules in organisms

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10

hydrogen

Very weak bonds in which a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one oxygen, nitrogen, serves a s bridges between different molecules or different parcens of the same molecule z9 ex, in protein & nucleic acids )

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11

endergonic reaction ( endo = with in)

absorbes more energy than releases

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12

exergonic reaction

energy is directed outward ( exo = out)

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13

synthesis reaction

to put together /form new bonds

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14

anabolism

synthesis reactionin iving organisms genrall called thi s. the combing of sugar molecules to form starch and amino acids and form protiens

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15

catabolism

the name of the breakdown that occurs in living things ( ex, breakdown of sucrose ( sugar ) into simpler sugars , glaucous and fructose, during digestion

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16

exchange reaction

bonds between A& B and C& dD are broken in a decomposition neew bonds are than formed between A& b and Between B& c in s synthesis process ( lego bricks )

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17

reversable reaction

can happen because neither reactions are stable or are under certain conditions

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18

inorganic compounds

definef as molecules, usally small & strucutal simple, which typically lack carboon, ionic bonds play as important role incldue water, molecular oxygen, carbon diciode, many salts ,acids and bases

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19

organic compound

contains carbon anf hydroge are stucrally complex, carbin us a unique element due to is very versatikity carbon chains form the basis of many organic componds inliving cells including sugars , amico acids, and vitamins heald together mostly by covalent bonds

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20

macromolecules

larger organic molecules including polysaccharides , proteins, & nucleic acids

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21

water

nuterients are disoved in water, which facilitaies ther passage trough cell membrane , water is the mediem for most chemical reactions makes up 65% and 75% of every cell

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22

Polar molecular

any molecular having an unequal distrbutation of charge

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23

ionization/ dissocation

when inorganic salts are dissolved in water, they break apart into ions

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24

acid

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions ( a proton donor)

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25

base

dissociates into one or more negativity charged hydroxide ions that can accept or combine with protons and one or more positive ions

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26

Ph scale

reanges from 0 to 14 means potential ffor hydrogen

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27

pH buffers

compounds that keep the Ph from changing drastically

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28

carbon skeleton

specific groups of atoms that are most commonly involoved inchemical reaction anf re responsible for the charcteric chemical properties

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29

macromolecules ( mano =large)

macromoleculea re usally polymers

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30

carbohydrates

larger divers groups of organic compounds that include sugars & starches

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31

Monosaccharides ( sasschar =sugar)

simple sugars, like glucose, pentons and hexose important for living things

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32

disaccharides( di =two)

formed when two monosaccharides bond in dehydration

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33

isomers (iso=same)

the molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures and properties

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34

hydrolysis ( o

( op of dehydration ) when disacharides are broken into smaller smplar molecules when water is added

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35

polysaccharides

consistes of ten or hundred of moosacarides joined through dehydration synthesis usally lak the harcteristic sweetness of sugars & are mot soluable in water

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36

lipids ( lip = fat)

essential to the sturcure and formationof memebraes that seprate living vells from their emvierment, non polar molecules are in soluable

  • primary functio is to form plasma membrane the supports the vell anf allows nutrients and wastes to pass in and out

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37

complex lipid/phospholipids

build membranes, are essential to a cells survival has polar and non polar regions

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38

steriods

structurral differen tfrom lipids

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39

sterol ( alchol)

important constituite of plasma membranes of animal cell and of onr group of bacteria ) mycoplaysma ) also found in fungi anf plants seperate the fatty acids chains anf prevents packing

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40

protiens

essentisl ingredents in all aspects of cell structure and function

  • contraction of animal muscles

  • cell structures

  • antibodies

  • hormones

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41

enezymes

type of protien are chemicals that speed uo bio chemical reactions

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42

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

  • contain at least one carboxyl (-COOH) group

  • amino (-NH2) group

  • attached to an alpha- carbon ( Ca)

  • attchated to the alpha- carbon is the side (R- group)

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43

Peptide bond

The bonds between amino acids

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44

Primary structure

(protein organization ) Unique sequences which amino acids link together to form a polypeptide chain `

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45

Secondary structure

localized, repetitious twisting of folding of the polypeptide chain

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46

tertiary structure

overall three- dimensional structure and a polypeptide chain. non reparative or predictable

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47

quaternary structure

which consists of an aggregation of two or more individual peptide chains

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48

denaturation

when proteins encounters a hostial environment in terms of temperature, pH, or salt concentrations may unravel and loses its shape

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49

nucleotides

the structural units of nuclic acids

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50

Stereoisomers

amino acids exist in two configurations, deignated by D and L

  • amino acids in proteins are always L-isomers

  • D-amino acids occasionally occur in nature for example in certain bacterial cells walls and antibiotics

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51

simple proteins

contain only amino acids

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52

conjugated proteins

combinations of amino acids with other organic or inorganic components

  • named by their non-amino acid components

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53
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