BIO 210 chapter 9

Joints (articulations)

sites where two or more bones meet

Arthrology

science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

Synarthroses

immovable joints

Amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints

Diarthroses

freely movable joints

Fibrous Joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

Cartilaginous Joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

Synovial Joints

freely movable joints

Gomphoses

peg

Sutures

areas where the cranial bones have joined together

Synostoses

closed, immovable sutures, the least mobile joints

Syndesmoses

a joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue

Synchondroses

a joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage

Symphyses

a joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage

Costochondritis

an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

Articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints

Synovial fluid

secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage

Ligaments

attach bone to bone

Extrinsic ligaments

support the joint and connect the articulating bones, outside of capsule and not connected to it

Intrinsic ligaments

localized thickenings of the joint capsule

Tendons

attach muscle to bone

Bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

Fat pads

localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane that are superficial to the joint capsule and protect articular cartilages

Tendon sheaths

elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction

Uniaxial joint

type of diarthrosis; joint that allows for motion within only one plane (one axis)

Biaxial joint

type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within two planes (two axes)

Multiaxial joint

type of diarthrosis; ball and socket joint that has three axes of rotation/ full range of movement

Plane joints

synovial joints with flat articular surfaces; allow short, gliding, non

Hinge joints

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.

Pivot joints

pivot joints allow rotation around an axis; in the neck the occipital bone spins over the top of the axis, in the forearms the radius and ulna twist around each other

Condylar joints

oval convex surface on one bone fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other

Saddle joints

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Ball

and

Gliding motion

two opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in almost any direction; the amount of movement is slight

Angular motion (rotation)

rotation around a central imaginary line known as the axis of rotation

Flexion

decreases the angle of a joint

Extension

increases the angle of a joint

Hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

Lateral flexion

bends vertebral column from side to side

Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane

Adduction

movement toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane

Circumduction

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

Rotation

movement around its own axis, distance between certain fixed point & any other given point remains constant; head, shoulder, hip

Lateral rotation

outward (lateral) movement of a body segment in the transverse plane

Medial rotation

inward (medial) movement of a body segment in the transverse plane

Pronation

movement that turns the palm down

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

Depression

lowering a body part

Elevation

raising a body part

Dorsiflexion

Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot

Plantar flexion

bends the foot downward at the ankle

Eversion

moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

Inversion

moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle

Protraction

moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground

Retraction

moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground

Opposition

touching the thumb to the palmar side any other finger

Reposition

return to anatomical position

Temporomandibular joint

connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw

Sternoclavicular Joint

the area where the clavicle and the sternum connect

Acromioclavicular Joint

the joint formed by the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle

Glenohumeral Joint

ball and socket head of humerus + glenoid cavity of shoulder

Humeroulnar joint

trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna; a hinge joint

Humeroradial joint

articulation between the capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius

Knee joint

hinge joint in the leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella

Tibiofemoral joint

between condyles of femur and condyles of tibia

Patellofemoral joint

the point where the kneecap and femur are connected in the trochlear groove, a gliding joint

Talocrural joint

a joint in the ankle found between the tibia, fibula, and talus

Subluxation

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint

Osteoarthritis

degenerative inflammation of the bone and joint

Arthritis

joint inflammation

Gouty arthritis

inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body

Rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked