HUSH fall final vocabs

3/5 compromise

The decision at the Constitutional Convention on how to count slaves for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Absenteeism

Definition of salutary neglect; not being present

American Revolution

The conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown, in which the United States was officially established

American Temperance Movement

Evangelical Protestants created it in 1826; they followed Lyman Beecher in demanding total abstinence from alcohol. They denounced the evil of drinking and promoted the expulsion of drinkers from church

Articles of Confederation

The first written constitution of the United States that gave the States supreme power and the central government lacked the authority to tax

Bacon’s Rebellion

an armed uprising of farmers, indentured servants, common people, and enslaved people in 1676 in colonial Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley's administration

Bartolome de las Casas

A Spanish missionary who was disgusted and outraged by the poor treatment of Native Americans especially the encomienda system

Benjamin Franklin

He played a major part in the American Revolution. He negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789)

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press

Boston Massacre

a deadly confrontation between British soldiers and Boston townspeople that took place on March 5, 1770

Boston Tea Party

A political protest that took place on December 16, 1773, where American colonists, frustrated by British taxation without representation, dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor

Capitalism

A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, ad money

Charter Colony

A colony that received a charter from a king to create a colony

Checks and Balances

A system designed to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful by allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others

Columbian Exchange

The transmission and interchange of plants, animals, diseases, cultures, human populations (including slaves), and technologies between the New World and the Old World

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that advocated for American independence from British rule

Constitutional Convention

A gathering of delegates in 1787 aimed at addressing the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and creating a new framework for the U.S. government

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney

Cult of Domesticity

A prevailing value system in the 19th century that idealized women's roles as devoted wives and mothers, emphasizing their place in the home as moral guardians of society

Declaration of Independence

Approved by Congress on July 4, 1776, it formalized the colonies' separation from Britain and laid out the Enlightenment values of natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"

Eli Whitney

American inventor who perfected the cotton gin, consequently revolutionizing the cotton industry

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women’s rights movement in 1840 who shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. She read a “Declaration of Sentiments” which declared that “all men and women are created equal”

Embargo Act 1807

Announced by Jefferson to pressure France and Britain to accept neutral trading rights; it closed down all U.S. foreign trade and angered the Northeaster Federalists

Enlightenment

Provided framework of natural rights for both the American and French Revolution, rise of capitalism and heavily influenced Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine

Erie Canal

A 350-mile canal stretching from Buffalo to Albany; it revolutionized shipping in New York State

Federalism

A political party that called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles and essays promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution; written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison

First Great Awakening

A religious revival movement that swept through the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, characterized by fervent expressions of faith, emotional preaching, and a focus on personal piety

French and Indian War

A conflict fought between 1754 and 1763 in North America, primarily involving British colonists and their Native American allies against the French and their own Indigenous partner

George Washington’s Farewell Address

A letter written by the first President of the United States in 1796, advising the nation on several key issues as he stepped down from office; emphasized the importance of unity, warned against political parties, and cautioned against entangling alliances with foreign nations

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative assembly in the colonies; part of the governing body of Virginia, consisting of 2 elected representatives from each county

Impressment

Procedure permitted under British maritime law that authorized commanders of warships to force American civilians into British military service

Indentured Servants

A labor system in which individuals agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to the New World, room, board, and eventual freedom

Indian Removal Act

The law authorized the president to negotiate with Indian tribes in the Southern United States for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands causing the Trail of Tears

James Madison

The fourth President of the United States and a key founding father, known as the “Father of the Constitution” for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights

Judicial Review

The principle that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional (established by Chief Justice John Marshall); a result of the Madison vs. Marbury case

Limited Government

A political principle that restricts the powers of the government to protect individual rights and freedoms

Louisiana Purchase

The treaty describes the United States' acquisition of more than 529,911,680 acres of territory from France in 1803. This greatly increased the size, power, and wealth of the U.S.

Maize

Corn

Marbury vs. Madison

The Supreme Court announced for the first time the principle that a court may declare an act of Congress void if it is inconsistent with the Constitution, thus establishing the principle of judicial review

Mayflower Compact

The first agreement for self-government in America; signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony in 1620

Missouri Compromise

It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. foreign policy regarding European countries in 1823 that stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with nations in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention

Navigation Act

A series of laws enacted by the English Parliament in the 17th century that regulated colonial trade and enabled England to collect taxes from the colonies

New England Townhall

Local gatherings where community members came together to discuss and make decisions on various issues affecting their towns

Proclamation Line of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back eas

Proprietary Colony

A colony in which one or more individuals remained ownership to their state's sanctions

Republican Motherhood

It centered on the belief that the patriots' daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, in order to pass on republican values to the next generation

Royal Colony

A colony that was directly ruled by a monarch according to the laws of England

Salutary Neglect

The British policy of loosely enforcing trade regulations and allowing the American colonies considerable freedom in economic and political matters during the 17th and early 18th centuries

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women’s rights convention in the United States. It was organized by a handful of women who were active in the abolition and temperance movements (1848)

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Shay’s Rebellion

A series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt and showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation

Sovereignty

Authority to govern oneself (of an individual or a body) and make decisions independently without interference from external forces

Spanish Casta System

A hierarchical social structure established in Spanish colonies during the colonial period, categorizing individuals based on their racial background and ethnicity (note: spelled “caste” on the vocab list; the written term is the name in Spanish)

Spanish Encomienda System

Spanish labor system that granted colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from Indigenous peoples in the Americas; Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection

Stamp Act

It mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of the tax; used to raise revenue in support of the new military force.

Stono Rebellion

A significant slave uprising that took place in September 1739 in the colony of South Carolina, where enslaved Africans revolted against their masters in search of freedom (largest slave uprising in the colonies)

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence, he became the leader of the Democratic-Republicans and a fierce opponent of Alexander Hamilton

Three Sisters

Three staple crops (corn, beans, and squash) favored by many native tribes in North America

Thomas Paine

A passionate and persuasive writer who published Common Sense in 1776; he had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England

Transatlantic Trade

The extensive exchange of goods, enslaved people, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries

U.S. Constitution

The document that establishes the rights and liberties of the American people; it created a federal government of three branches---legislative, judicial, and executive (1789)

Virginia Plan

A proposal in the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that outlined a framework for a strong national government with a bicameral legislature, where representation would be based on population

New Jersey Plan

A proposal in the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that advocated for a unicameral legislature where each state would have equal representation, regardless of population size