Lecture 19 - Blood and Lymph (in progress)

Connective tissue made up of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix

Blood

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Cellular elements

Fluid - mostly water, perpetually suspends the formed elements

Extracellular Matrix (plasma)

Enables formed elements to circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system

Extracellular Matrix (plasma)

A?

Blood vessel

B?

RBCs

C?

WBC

D?

Plasma

E?

Platelets

% of water in plasma

92%

Dissolved or suspended within plasma water is a mixture of substances, most of

which are

Proteins

Number of protein types in plasma

100s

Most abundant plasma protein

Albumin

What organ manufactures albumin

Liver

Serve as binding proteins clotting (transport vehicles for fatty acids and steroid hormones)

Albumin

Three main subgroups of globulins

Alpha, beta, gamma

Globulins that transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells

Alpha and beta

Globulins involved in immunity, better known as antibodies or immunoglobulins

Gamma

Plasma protein for blood clotting

Fibrinogen

What organ manufactures fibrinogen

Liver

Blood component for gas transport

Erythrocytes

Biconcave disk shape maximizes surface area in which blood component

Erythrocytes

RBC nucleus-free cytoplasm packed with what?

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Iron-rich protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body

Hemoglobin (Hb)

What is happening in step 1?

RBC receives blood from lungs

What is happening in step 2?

Oxygen bonds to hemoglobin

What is happening in step 3?

Oxygen is released to tissue cells

Each Hb molecule can carry _____ molecules of oxygen

Four

What % of CO2 can be carried by RBCs

<2%

Number of circulating RBCs in an adult

25 trillion

Number of hemoglobin molecules on one RBC

260 million

How many days do RBCs remain in the bloodstream

120

Erythrocytes produced per second

2-3 million

Protein released from liver (and kidney) in response to low O2

Erythroprotein

Triggers erythrocyte produced in bone marrow

Erythroprotein

Nutrients needed for erythrocyte production

Folic acid, iron, vitamin B12 (FIB)

What is happening in this step?

Hypoxemia

What is happening in this step?

Low O2 sensed by liver and kidneys

What is happening in this step?

Erythroprotein secretion

What is happening in this step?

Red bone marrow secretion

What is happening in this step?

Accelerated erythropoiesis

What is happening in this step?

Increased RBC count

What is happening in this step?

Increased O2 transport

What stores blood cells and removes old RBCs from circulation

Spleen

What cells destroy old RBCs in the spleen

Macrophages

Iron is removed from hemoglobin in what organ

The spleen

What is hemoglobin converted to in the spleen

Bilirubin

What color is bilirubin (tinged)

Yellow

Bilirubin released in blood travels where?

Liver

Once further broken down in the liver, what happens to bilirubin

Excreted in feces and urine

What do WBCs have that RBCs lack

Nuclei and mitochondria

Fashion of movement seen in WBCs

Ameboid

Why do WBCs squeeze through capillary walls

To reach infection

Blood component found in and out of the cardiovascular system

WBCs

Which is more numerous, RBCs or WBCs

RBCs

Range of WBCs in body

5000-10000 per microL

Which is larger, WBCs or RBCs?

WBCs

Only formed elements that are complete cells

Leukocytes

Are monocytes granular or agranular

Agranular (think “cyte”=agranular)

Are lymphocytes granular or agranular

Agranular (think “cyte”=agranular)

Are eosinophils granular or agranular

Granular (think “phils”=granular)

Are basophils granular or agranular

Granular (think “phils”=granular)

Are neutrophils granular or agranular

Granular (think “phils”=granular)

What is this?

Neutrophil

What is this?

Eosinophil

What is this?

Basophil

Rapid responders to the site of infection

Neutrophil

Efficient phagocytes with a preference for bacteria

Neutrophils

Release antihistamine granules that counteract basophil histamines

Eosinophil

Releases histamine and heparin

Basophil

Inflammatory molecules released by basophils

Histamines

Blood clot opposing granules released by basophils

Heparin

Where are granular leukocytes produced

Red bone marrow

Granular leukocyte lifespan

Few hours to few days

Lobed nucleus and classified by granule stain

Granular leukocytes

Indented or horseshoe-shaped nucleus

Monocyte

Phagocytize debris, foreign pathogens, worn-out erythrocytes, and other dead, worn out, or damaged cells

Monocyte

Release antimicrobial defensins and chemotactic chemicals that attract other leukocytes to the site of an infection

Monocyte

What cells do lymphocytes come from

Lymphoid stem cells

Second most common type of leukocyte, ~20–30% of all leukocytes

Lymphocyte

3 lymphocyte groups

NK cells, B cells, T cells

Cells capable of recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins or that contain foreign or abnormal markers (non-specific immunity)

NK cells

Cells involved in non-specific immunity

NK cells

Cells that defend the body against specific pathogens; involved in specific immunity

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Cells involved in specific immunity

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Platelets are fragment of large cells called what?

Megakaryocytes

What organ stores 1/3 of platelets for later response to blood vessel ruptures

Spleen

Cells for blood clotting

Platelets

Cells that secrete growth factors essential for growth and repair of tissue (e.g. connective tissue)

Platelets

The percentage of red blood cells in your blood

Hematocrit

Average hematocrit

45%

Hematocrit range

35-55%

Classification system based on the presence or absence of specific proteins (antigens) on the surface of red blood cells

Blood typing

Proteins recognized as foreign by the immune system of another individual

Antigen

Secreted by lymphocytes to bind to antigens and destroy them

Antibodies

What is this?

Antigen

What is this?

Antibodies

What causes blood clumping and artery blockage in blood transfusions?

Mis-matched blood types

Universal donor

Type O

Why is type O the universal donor?

It has no antigens, any recipient antibodies have nothing to attach to