Chapter 4

Methanogens

________ convert: CO2 into H2 and are commonly found in swamps.

Capsule

________ (Glycocalyx): Dense version of slime layer formed by pathogenic bacteria to protect from antibodies.

Fimbriae

________: bristle- like fibers made of protein and are responsible for biofilms.

Liposaccharide functions

________ as: antigens and receptors and is an endotoxin that stimulates shock and fever.

Ribosomes

________ are made of: RNA and proteins.

Attachment

________ can enhance what in some bacteria: pathogenicity.

Peritrichous

________: flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell.

Hyperthermophiles

________: live in volcanic waters and soils.

Diplobacilli

________: pairs of cells with their ends attached.

Extreme halophiles

________: require salt to grow and use red pigment the make ATP.

Pili

________ are only found in: gram- negative bacteria.

Lipoproteins anchor

________: the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan.

Palisades

________: cells of a chain remain partially attached and fold back, creating rows.

Ampitrichous

________: flagella at both pole of the cell.

lipid bilayer

The ________ is made of: 30- 40 % phospholipids and 60- 70 % proteins.

Svedberg

________ units: measure the relative size of cell parts.

Pleomorphism

________: variations in size and shape among cells of a single species.

Phototaxis

________: movement towards light.

Streptococci

________: chains of a few to hundreds of cells.

Secretion

________ (cell membrane): discharge metabolic products into the extracellular environment.

Endospores

________ are nuisances in: clean environments.

Gram negative bacteria

________: 1 to 3nm thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer and inner membrane; sensitive to lysis.

Plasmid

________: non- essential pieces of DNA; separate double stranded circles of DNA.

Mycolic acid cord factor

________: found in cell walls of Mycobacterium and Norcardia; it is a long fatty acid chain and contributes to pathogenicity.

S Layer

________: Thousands of copies of a single protein linked together to provide protection in hostile environments.

Peptidoglycan

________ is made of: glycan chains linked with peptide fragments.

Sporulation

________: spore formation induced by environmental conditions.

Archaea

________ is more related to: Eukarya than bacteria because they share RNA sequences no in bacteria.

Psychrophiles

________: grow at low temps.

Bacterial chromosome

________: single circular strand of DNA and is aggregated in an area called the nucleoid.

cell walls

Archaeal ________ are: distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes.

Chemotaxis

________: movement in response to chemical signals.

Bacterial inclusion bodies

________: storages sites for nutrients.

Bacteria

________ can act as a group: colonies and biofilms.

Negative chemotaxis

________: movement away from stimulus.

Slime Layer

________ (Glycocalyx): protects cell from water loss.

Bacteria cell walls

________ are made of: peptidoglycan.

Bacterial germination

________: exposure to water stimulates the formation of hydrolytic enzymes and the core rehydrates so the bacterium grows out of the endospore coats.

Bacteria size

________ can range from 1 micrometer to 0.2 micrometer.

Fimbriae

________ and pili: provide attachment points or channels.

Ribosomes

________ are made two pieces: large subunit (50S) and small subunit (30S)

Pili

________ are also know as: sex pilus; transfer DNA between cells.

Gram negative bacteria

________ also have porins which: regulate molecules going in and out of the membrane by changing size.

Archaea

________ are usually found in: extreme environments.

Pili

________ are made of: pilin.

Bacteria cell walls are made of

peptidoglycan

Archaeal cell walls are

distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes

Bacteria can act as a group

colonies and biofilms

Average size of bacteria

1 micrometer

Pleomorphism

variations in size and shape among cells of a single species

Tetrad cocci

groups of four coccus

Staphylococci

irregular cluster

Streptococci

chains of a few to hundreds of cells

Sarcina

cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells

Diplobacilli

pairs of cells with their ends attached

Streptobacilli

chains of cells

Palisades

cells of a chain remain partially attached and fold back, creating rows

Spirochetes rarely remain

attached after cell division

Flagella and axial filaments

provide motility

Fimbriae and pili

provide attachment points or channels

Polar flagella

flagella attached to one or both ends of the cell

Monotrichous

single flagella

Lophotrichous

tuft of flagella

Ampitrichous

flagella at both pole of the cell

Peritrichous

flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

Chemotaxis

movement in response to chemical signals

Positive chemotaxis

movement towards stimulus

Negative chemotaxis

movement away from stimulus

Flagella run

counterclockwise movement of the flagella to move linear

Flagella tumble

clockwise movement causing stopping or change course

Phototaxis

movement towards light

Attachment can enhance what in some bacteria

pathogenicity

Fimbriae

bristle-like fibers made of protein and are responsible for biofilms

Pili are also know as

sex pilus; transfer DNA between cells

Pili are made of

pilin

Pili are only found in

gram-negative bacteria

S-Layer

Thousands of copies of a single protein linked together to provide protection in hostile environments

Slime Layer (Glycocalyx)

protects cell from water loss

Capsule (Glycocalyx)

Dense version of slime layer formed by pathogenic bacteria to protect from antibodies

An example of a biofilm

plaque on teeth

Parts of Cell Envelope

cell wall, cell membrane, and outer membrane (in some bacteria)

Gram-positive bacteria

20 to 80nm peptidoglycan cell wall with teichioc and lipoteichoic acid and inner cytoplasmic membrane

Gram-negative bacteria

1 to 3nm thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer and inner membrane; sensitive to lysis

Peptidoglycan is made of

glycan chains linked with peptide fragments

Mycolic acid/cord factor

found in cell walls of Mycobacterium and Norcardia; it is a long fatty acid chain and contributes to pathogenicity

Liposaccharide functions as

antigens and receptors and is an endotoxin that stimulates shock and fever

Lipoproteins anchor

the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan

Gram-negative bacteria also have porins which

regulate molecules going in and out of the membrane by changing size

The cell membrane of bacteria is made of a

lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer is made of

30-40% phospholipids and 60-70% proteins

Archaea dont have phospholipids instead

they have unique chains of hydrocarbons

Secretion (cell membrane)

discharge metabolic products into the extracellular environment

Gram-negative bacterias cell membrane make them impervious to

antimicrobial chemicals

Proteins in the outer cell wall of gram-positive bacteria can be

toxic

Bacterial chromosome

single circular strand of DNA and is aggregated in an area called the nucleoid

Plasmid

non-essential pieces of DNA; separate double stranded circles of DNA

Ribosomes are made of

RNA and proteins

Svedberg units

measure the relative size of cell parts

Ribosomes are made two pieces

large subunit (50S) and small subunit (30S)

Bacterial inclusion bodies

storages sites for nutrients