AP Euro Chapter 2 Study Set

Christian Humanism

The idea that humans can reason and better themselves (through Christianity of course)

Erasmus (1466-1536)

Man that embraced the idea that humans can improve themselves and that all Christian information should come from the Bible

Simony

The buying/selling of privileges (like…oh, I don't know…get to heaven tickets)

Pluralism

A person hoarding more than one church office at a time

Nepotism

Giving your best bud (or your family members) church offices just because you guys are best buds

Absenteeism

You have a church position, but you don't want to actually do it, so you hire a random guy on the streets to do your job

Vulgate and Polyglot Bibles (1300-1563)

The Latin Bible. Peasants couldn't really read it.

Vernacular Literature (1500)

Literature in a language that people actually speak in

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Monk that was Catholic, then realized how corrupted the church was, became not Catholic, created Lutheranism, and triggered just about everybody in some way

The Diet of Worms (1520)

The trial-like thing that called Luther in to question his not-Christian beliefs in his note (that may or may not have been nailed to the door)

Sola Fide

You go to heaven if you are Christian and believe in God. Congrats.

Sola Scriptura

Only the Bible is real and can say what you can do

Priesthood of all believers

As a Catholic, you are in charge of your belief. No Pope necessary

Northern German Protestant Princes.

They are the Protestant Nobles that Luther sucked up to

Lutheranism

The protestant belief created by Luther under the three main ideas of Sola Fide, Sola Scriptura, and Priesthood of all believers.

The Peasant Wars (1524)

Peasants can FINALLY read the Bible, and now they think that their lords should give the lands to them so that they can be equal

Huldrych Zwingli (1484 - 1531)

Man rejected not only the Catholic Church, but ALSO Luther, only because he believed that the holy bread is just bread

Transubstantiation

The Catholic idea that when the "holy bread" is consumed, then it physically becomes Christ within your body

Consubstantiation

Luther's idea that the "holy bread" is both Jesus and bread at the same time

Lord's Supper

The part in the Bible where Jesus hands out bread and wine, stating that they are his body and blood. This caused a lot of controversy within this time period.

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Man that is convinced by Luther that the Pope is indeed fake, but decides that Luther is being irrational and creates his own religion

Predestination

God has already chosen whether or not one goes to heaven

Calvinism

Constant work to get to church. No fun = no drinking, no singing, probably no laughing

Henry VIII (1491-1547)

The broad one. He was the guy that decided to split from the Pope because he wanted to get divorced

Acts of Supremacy

Act that was past by Parliament, stating that the Head of England is also Head of the religion

Edward VI (1547-1553)

The sick child that took the throne after his father's death. He didn't last long (he had an advisor that whispered into his ear oh so quietly to kill the protestants)

Book of Common Prayer

The book on Anglican beliefs

Anglicanism

The new Protestant church of England. Basically just Catholicism without the Pope

Mary I (1553-1558)

The Queen of England that told the entire country to go back to Catholicism (spoiler: it didn't really work)

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

Mary's half-sister who told the entire country to switch back to Protestantism

Anabaptism

Belief where adults (who actually have a choice) should get baptized (also polygamy)

The Munster Rebellion (1534 - 1535)

Anabaptists wanted to create their own government in the city of Munster. They were smothered.

Catholic Reformation

Religious innovation + Spread of Catholicism to new lands + Reform of Church Abuses = Catholic church gets better

Ignatius Loyola

The guy who started the Jesuits (Strengthening the Papacy and Missionary Activity)

Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus) 1540

Group of people who focused on missionary work to combat the Protestant Reformation

St. Teresa of Avila

The Female One who happened to write poems (Inspiration for religious seekers and other females)

The Counter-Reformation

The special way of saying the Catholic Reformation (But focus on Countering the Protestants instead of bettering the Catholic Church)

The Council of Trent (1563)

Resolved abuses from the Church. Pope is still a thing. Also Bread is Jesus. Official.

Schmalkaldic League

The alliance of northern germany. They don't want taxes. They don't like pope. Alliance to protect one another

Schmalkaldic League War (1546 - 1547)

Schmalkaldic League vs Charles V where the Emperor goes to beat up the league but can't because of those TuRkS

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Legal religious toleration between Christians (whoever's reign, their religion) = peace for 70 ish years (Habsburgs are now pissed)

Huguenots

French Protestants. French, and want to exist.

Henry II (a.k.a. King Lance-to-the-Face) 1547 - 1559

suppressor of Protestants. Also, the french king. Persevered during the war against the Habsburgs and tried to suppress the Reformation.

Duke De Guise

also the Duc de Conde. Leader of the Protestants. Tried to capture the kid king Francis II (the child of king lance-to-the-face) and was sentenced to death. But escaped. WAR

Catherine de Medicis

Queen of France (wife of Henry II). Ordered the death of all protestants

Henry de Bourbon (Henry IV)

Was supposed to be married to resolve conflict between Protestants and Medicis, but that didn't happen since the St. Bartholomew's day Massacre. Later converts to Catholicism + King of France + Ends War with Protestants

St. Bartholomew’s day massacre

Where Protestant guy was supposed to be married off to settle the feud between protestants and Medicis, but didn't happen because Duc de Conde was unalived.

The Catholic League

The merging of the Royalists and EXTREME catholics. Arms peasants and church guys (clergy) with weapons

The Politiques

The group that went against the Catholic League. (Chill catholics and Huguenots band together)

The Edict of Nantes (1598)

The Act that installed legal tolerance for Protestants (yay)

Philip II (1556 - 1598)

The Mopey Monarch. Super religious. Didn't have a military-focused ideology (basically sat at his desk doing paperwork the entire day). Main goal was to crush the protestants. Poor guy lost 2/3 battles :(

The Spanish Empire (circa 1588)

The beginning of the end. Spain loses their powerful navy after the Spanish Armada incident in 1588. Oops

The Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Philip II's first war. Ottoman Turks vs Spain. He won :) and now the Turks aren't going to take over the world.

The Destruction of the Spanish Armada (1588)

England vs Spain. Spain labelled their ship as the "invincible armada," even though they ended up retreating, then sinking, then losing their entire navy.

The Revolt of the Netherlands (1568 - 1648) (AKA 80-years war)

The Netherlands were interested in Calvinism. Spain got mad and went on a rampage. Netherlands got mad. Spain goes through Switzerland to get to the Netherlands. Also Star fortresses

The Duke of Alba

Duke who went against the first part of the 80 years war. He did pretty good, as he defeated the Dutch repeatedly

William of Orange

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Invited by Protestant nobles to take over England. James II fled the scene and William became King.

The Twelve Years Truce

Temporary truce between Spain and the Netherlands during the 80 years war.

Ferdinand II (HRE) 1617 - 1637)

Holy Roman Emperor that decided to stamp out the Protestants in Bohemia. He sends his boys, which infuriates the local nobles.

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

King of France during the 30 years war and his advisor. On the side of the Protestants during the war.

Defenestration of Prague 1618

The meeting that was called in 1618 to help settle the increasing flames over the Protestants. However, a mob of Protestants throw 3 Austrian (Catholic) officials out the window and declare themselves separate from Austria. War.

The Battle of White Mountain (1620)

Battle fought near Prague. One of the first victories by the Habsburgers over the Protestants.

Gustavus Adolphus I

Supported the German princes over the Catholic emperor. Overall, delayed the emergence of a unified Germany.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the 30 years war. Officially recognized the the sovereignty of states. Yeah, so they are kinda cool with everything now.

English Gentry

British social class of landowners, who didn't have to use their hands and dig dirt with sticks. The beginning of the middle class.

Nobility of the Robe

French Nobles who become nobles through their not-peasant status. Instead of being a noble through your noble relatives, these people become nobles through un-peasanting.

Price Revolution

INFLATION HAPPENED. Prices of grain increase by like 500-600%

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming where basically all of the crops/livestock are used by the farmer/family, which leaves incredibly little for sale or trade.

Agricultural capitalism

Farming where sale and trade is the entire point of farming.

Enclosure

Division of communal fields. Wow

Early-modern gender roles

Women = children and house stuff
Men = work.

Communal leisure activities

The activities where the entire community (small town) gets together and do stuff. Like chucking foxes as high as possible.

Popular religion

Catholic Church (even though the peasants didn't understand anything about being a catholic)

Carnival

The period before lent where people can essentially do anything without laws. Then feel really bad about the atrocious acts they committed.

Charivari

If someone did something in a village that other people in the village didn't like, they would publicly humiliate that person.

Peasant rebellion

If the peasants sense change, they go against it. Typically doesn't work out, so don't try and join one of these.

Witchcraft trials

Trials against witches (typically ladies in the woods)

The Little Ice Age

The period of pretty cold weather. Spring either didn't come, or was really late

Pieter Bruegel

Artist who liked to draw peasants doing peasant activity

The Eighty-Years war

War between the Netherlands and the Habsburgs. The Dutch won.

Entrepot Economics

Entrepot is a port city where merchandise is imported, sent, stored, etc.

Plantations

Farm that specializes in producing cash crops

Bank of Amsterdam

Labelled as the first true central bank

Bank of England

Bank that was created to lend funds to the English government to fight wars

Insurance

where one party guarantees compensation to another party under certain conditions when premium is payed beforehand

Stock Exchange

The Dutch found this first. Basically a market where securities are bought and sold.

Mercantilism

Basically a policy held in France and England where profitable trading is the center. Something to bring those Dutch people down

Colonies

Related to mercantilism. An area that is under complete control by a more powerful country.

The Atlantic System

Or the Transatlantic Slave Trade. A trade between Africa, Europe, and the New World. Slaves are sent to the Americas by Africa. Raw materials are sent to Europe by the Americas. Europe makes items out of the raw materials.

The Dutch and English East India Companies

Two large trading companies. had expansive powers that allowed them to conduct warfare, trade, seize territory. They weren't really real countries per-say…more like…imaginary areas of power.