AP Psychology - Unit 8 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress, and Theories of Emotion

Unit 8 Vocabulary

Relative Deprivation

The idea that people are deprived compared to other ways

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Self-Actuaization

At the highest level of the hierarchy, need that essentially equates to achieving one's full potential

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Making a decision between two equally undesirable choices

Subjective Well-Being Phenomenon

How people experience and evaluate their lives and specific domains and activities in their lives

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

The tendency for people to be more willing to help or aid others when they feel good about themselves or are in a good mood

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Involves making decisions about situations that have positive and negative consequences

Approach-Approach Conflict

A person needs to decide between two appealing goals

Extrinsic Motivation

Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise

Intrinsic Motivation

Behavior that is driven by internal rewards

Cortisol

A stress hormone

Secondary Appraisal

The evaluation of an individual's ability or resources to cope with a specific situation

Primary Apprasial

The initial evaluation of a situations relevance to one's moral norms and personal preferences and to the likelihood of reaching one's goals

Grit

A positive, non-cognitive trait based on an individual's perseverance of effort combined with the passion for a particular long-term goal

Achievement Motivation

The need for excellence and significant accomplishment despite what rewards may be offered after

Facial Feedback Effect

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Behavior Feedback Effect

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

Stress

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Tens and Befriend Response

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Type A

Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

Easygoing and relaxed people

Catharsis

Purification or purgation of the emotions primary through art

Coronary Heart Disease

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions

Suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion

James-Lange Theory

Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events

Emotion

A mind and body's integrated response to a stimulus of some kind

Polygraphs

Lie detector machines, hooked up to a person to record changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and skin response

Obesity

The condition of having excess body fat resulting in being overweight

Testosterone

Responsible for typically male behaviors

Estrogen

Hormone produced mainly by the overuse and act as the principle female sex hormones

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A region of the hypothalamus primarily associated with feelings of satiety

Lateral Hypothalamus

The region of the hypothalamus that may be involved in the regulation of eating

Physiological Needs

Biological requirements for human survival

Incentives

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Instinct

A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Drive-Reduction Theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Set Point

The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set.

Glucose

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Basal Metabolic Rate

The body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Asexual

Lack of sexual attraction to others or lack of interest in sex

Refractory Period

A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Sexual Response Cycle

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Affiliation Need

Describes the human need for involvement and belonging to a social group

Narcissism

Excessive self-love and self-absorption

Ostracism

An extreme form of rejection in which one is excluded and ignored in the presence of others

William James

Known for creating the James-Lange Theory

Carl Lange

Know for creating James-Lange Theory

Robert Zajonc

Discovered mere exposure effect

Richard Lazarus

Created stress appraisal theory

Stanley Schachter

Developed two-factor theory

Walter Cannon

Created Cannon-Bard Theory

Henry Murray

Developed psychogenic needs theory

Abraham Maslow

Developed hierarchy of needs

Hans Selye

Discovered stress as signs/symptoms of illness

Alfred Kinsey

First person to explore sexuality from a scientific perspective