Studied by 11 people
Carbonates
It involves adding a few drops of dilute acid to the sample. A gas is given off which turns limewater milky
Chlorine
Add silver nitrate (AgNO3) to the solution. A white precipitate forms.
Bromine
Add a few drops of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to the solution. A creamy-white precipitate forms.
Iodine
Add a few drops of silver nitrate solution. A yellow precipitate forms.
Nitrates
Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and a small amount of aluminium powder (Al) to the solution. Warm the mixture gently. Gas produced bleaches damp red litmus paper.
Sulfates
Acidify the sample with Nitric acid and add aqueous barium nitrate. A white ppt forms.
Sulfites
Add a dilute acid and warm gently. The gas produced decolourises acidified Potassium Manganate (VII) solution.
Aluminium
Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution to the sample. A white ppt is formed, it is soluble in excess and forms a colourless solution.
Ammonium
Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and gently heat. The gas produced turns damp red litmus paper blue.
Calcium
When NaOH is added, a white ppt forms which is insoluble in excess. When ammonia is added, a faint white ppt is produced
Chromium (III)
When NaOH is added, a bright green ppt is formed and a green solution is formed in excess solution. When ammonia is added, a grey green ppt is formed which is insoluble in excess.
Copper (II)
When NaOH is added, a light blue ppt is formed, which is insoluble in excess.When ammonia is added, a light blue ppt is formed, which forms a dark blue solution in excess
Iron (III)
When NaOH is added, a red/brown ppt is formed which is insoluble in excess. Ammonia gives the same result.
Zinc
When NaOH is added, a white ppt is formed which dissolves in excess to form a colourless solution, the same is true for ammonia.
Lithium
Red
Sodium
Yellow
Potassium
Lilac
Calcium
Orange
Copper
Blue/Green
Barium
Apple green
sulfur dioxide
Pungent choking mell, colourless, decolourises potassium manganate (VII) solution
Note 
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