Independence Movements in Latin America

Nativism

Creoles glorified an American identity by Brithplace

• Called themselves Americanos

• Drew Emotion and Unity

Enlightenment

brought from the Creoles to bring the lower castes on board for the revolutions

French Revolution

• People questioned monarchy and Divine Right

• napolean wanted to overthrow other European Kinds and establish republics → “Liberated” Spain and Portugal

• caused the Napoleon wars. The Spanish King was imprisoned by Napoleon → Spanish America was basically independent

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Leader of France after the French Revolution

• Invaded Portugal and Spain and overthrew the Monarchy

• imprisoned the Spanish King

Peninsular Wars

Creole

• Spanish but born in Latin America

• Landowners — Haciendas → slaves

• Owned Mines

• Economic power but no political power → wanted to remove the peninsulares

• Started the most successful revolutions

Mestizos

• Mixed population

• No Social mobility

• cannot own land or get an education

• Wanted to move up from the Revolutions

Brazilian Independence

• Portugal and Englad were Allies

• Napoleonic wars started the process of Independence

• Royal Family fled from Portugal to Brazil → Economy Flourished

• Prine Pedro was left behind and declared Brazil as Independent with him as king -. relatively peaceful

Prince Joao

• fled from Brazil with his son when Napolean took over to Brazil

• became the King of Brazil when Napoleon was removed

Pedro I

• Fled from brazil when Napoleon took over

• When Napoleon left, he became the King of Brazil and declared Brazil as Independent

Simon Bolivar

• Successfully Liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

• Wanted to create one Latin American Country to foster unity — Didn’t happen

Americanos

identity of people born in Latin America → unity through navitism

Jose de San Martin

• Liberated Chile then Peru but had troblem keeping Peru so he gave it to Bolivar

Central Junta

Spain’s national Resistence commitee which was established after the Napoleon wars.

• wanted Spanish-America’s support

• Didin’t have any representation for them so they rejected it and claimed Allegence to Fernando VII

Constitution Of Cadiz

After Fernando was imprisoned he Spanish Liberals created a continuation with elected representatives from Spain and Spanish America. But it was not fully implemented and there were already anti-s Spanish rebellions in Mexico, Vaenezuela, Argentina, and more.

Conservatives

• Strong central gov — powerful executive

• Traditional Social Structure

• Primacy of Catholic Church

• Wary of Free Trade

• Strong Government intervention in economy

Liberals

• Decentralized government → Loose confederations

• liberty and Equality

• End of Social hierarchies, Slavery, and Catholic power

• Free Trade

Caudillo Rule

• Former military heros → leaders

• Authoritarian dictatorship

• For Stability but unstable when fighting for control

Latin American Constituions

• Tried to bring Stability

• Not Long lasting

• Strongly Centralist

• Limited Sufferage/representation to elite class

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Creole; Catholic

• taught Agricultre to the Poor

• Helped in the Mexican Revolution

• Represented the lower classes → scared the Creoles

• Created a peasant army to take over Mexico City → unsuccessful

Monroe Doctrine

• US established diplomatic relationship with Chile, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico

• Establish Independence from Europe → Europe cannot colonizeanymore

• Establish the US as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere

Peninsular Wars

Military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the UK against Napoleon

• Removed him from the peninsula

Haitian Revolution

Successful insurrection by the slaves against French colonial rule. Only successful Slave Revolt. Supported Bolivar only if he ended slavery in the countries he Liberated → he did.

Taussaint Louverture

Haitian General and the leader of the Haitian Revolution

Francisco de Miranda

Avid revolutionary who was the president of the First Republic of Venezuela

Bernardo O’Higgins

Chilean Independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence

Venezuelan Independence

• Fringe Colony; lots of trade restrictions

• Revolution was lead by above → Cabilldos Abiertos → lead by Creoles

• Taking off the mask of Ferdinand: stopped loyalty to thee king

William Walker

• former president of Nicaragua

• Made English the official language and reinstated slavery

economic development

Post-independence the economy was ruined due to many wars disrupting trade and destroying infrastructure

• export oriented and raw materials

• Foreign interference over key sectors

Monoculture economies

economies that rely on a single commodity for income and economic Stability

• Large plantations for cash crops

• because of European rule

Popular sovereignty

Spain America supported Fernando and creased Juntas in the name of Fernando → Cabilldos Abierto