unit 6 quiz

griffith

discovered transformation through pathogenic and non pathogenic viruses

avery, McCarty, MacLeod

continued griffith’s work to discover dna is the transforming factor

chargaff

discovers %adenine=%thymine, and %cytosine=%guanine

hershey and chase

proved that DNA controls the expression of traits

franklin

discovered that the diameter when looking at DNA sideways is always equal, found that DNA is a double helix shape

Pyrimadines

1 ringed base, ex: thymine and cytosine

purine

2 ringed base, ex: adenine and guanine

hydrogen bonds

the bonds that hold nucleotides together, 2 bonds from A to T and 3 bonds from C to G

Watson and Crick

used Rosalind Franklins work to discover that DNA is the shape that it is in, i.e. antiparallel, double helix, base pairings

phosphodiester bonds

bonds between a 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate on the DNA backbone

heliocase

enzyme that unzips DNA

topoisomerase

enzyme prevents DNA strands from getting tangled

promise

enzyme that lays down RNA primer to exposed strands

primer

set of RNA bases that signals the start of DNA replication

DNA Polymerase III

enzyme that places the new DNA nucleotides on the leading or lagging strand, READS 3’-5’ and BUILDS 5’-3’

leading strand

3’-5’ strand of DNA, replication occurs continuously

lagging stand

5’-3’ strand, DNA does not replicate continuously, creates okazaki fragments during replication

okazaki fragments

sections of newly replicated DNA on the lagging strand

DNA Polymerase I

removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA bases

ligase

enzyme that ties DNA fragments together

semi conservative model

method of DNA replication, half of the new strand contains DNA from the parental strand

telomere

DNA buffer that slows down the erosion of DNA

telomerase

enzyme in telomeres to prevent aging, high amounts in cancer cells

central dogma of biology

DNA→ RNA→ protein

template strand

strand of DNA that an RNA strand replicates off of

promoter site

section of DNA that signals RNA polymerase to replicate RNA bases

transcription factors

arrive at promoter site before RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

enzyme that replicates RNA bases for protein synthesis

initiation

transcription factor at promoter site then RNA polymerase

elongation

building of mRNA

termination

gene is copied

modifications to pre-mRNA

1. 5’ cap

2. poly A tail

3. removal of exons

DNA

double stranded, adenine thymine guanine and cytosine, deoxyribose sugar

RNA

single strand, adenine uracil guanine and cytosine, ribose sugar