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Accommodation
Process which new scheme is created or existing scheme is altered.
Adolescent Growth Spurt
Rapid hormonal increase in height/weight.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Loss of all mental capacities.
Assimilation
Process by which new information is placed into an existing scheme.
Attachment
Strong, intimate, emotional connection between people.
Cisgender
Conform to assigned sex.
Concrete Operational Stage
Children begin to understand logical operations.
Conventional Level
Middle stage of moral development where rules are most important.
Crystallized Intelligence
Specific knowledge requiring learning and increases in old age.
Dementia
Progressive deterioration of thought, memory, and behavior.
Developmental Psychology
Study of changes over lifespan.
Dynamic Systems Theory
Development is self-organizing due to interactions with environment.
Egocentric Processing
Can’t take other perspectives besides own until later in preoperational stage.
Embryo
Developing human (organs and systems).
False Belief Tasks
Child must take perspective of other to answer questions based on what other person knows.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Physical/mental deficiency caused by alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetus
Growing infant.
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to process new information and decreases in old age.
Formal Operational Stage
Final stage of Piaget’s theory with abstract/critical thinking.
Gender Expression
How gender is shown.
Gender Identity
Sense of being male, female or nonbinary.
Gender Role
Behavior typically associated with male or female.
Grasping Reflex
Babies grab things that touch their open hand.
Habituation Technique
How infants categorize objects based on how long they look at them.
Imprinting
Species follow an adult shortly after birth.
Individual Principles
Certain principles are above law.
Inequity Aversion
Preference to avoid unfairness.
Infantile Amnesia
Inability to remember early childhood.
Intersexuality
Inconsistent aspects of sex.
Moral Reasoning
Depends on cognitive processes.
Moral Emotions
Depends on societal interest/motivation.
Object Permanence
An object exists even when not seen.
Postconventional Level
Highest stage of moral development where morals are based on well-thought values.
Preconventional Level
Earliest stage of moral development where morals are based on self-interest.
Preferential-Looking Technique
Infant is shown two things, if it looks longer at something then it can distinguish between the two.
Preoperational Stage
Second stage of Piaget’s theory where children understand objects but can’t reason why they think a certain way.
Primary Sex Characteristics
Maturation of genitals and genitals processes.
Puberty
Beginning of adolescence marked by sexual maturity.
Rooting Reflex
Turning/sucking when a nipple touches mouth.
Salient Stimuli
Attention grabbing stimulus.
Schemes
Ways of thinking based on experience.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Body hair, muscle, voice, etc.
Sensorimotor Stage
First stage of Piaget’s theory where perception is based on motor skills and reflexes.
Sexual Orientation
Who you are attracted to.
Social Contract
Rules serving the majority.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
As people grow older they focus on emotional meaning.
Strange-Situation Test
Adult leaves then comes back in 3 stages.
Sucking Reflex
Sucking object touching mouth.
Synaptic Production
Early brain development where a higher rate of synapses are created in response to experiences.
Synaptic Pruning
Preservation of synaptic connections that are used and elimination of unused.
Teratogens
Agents that harm embryo/fetus.
Theory of Mind
Ability to understand other perspectives.
Transgender
Conform to other sex.
Translational Neuroscience
Seeks to identify neural systems that are vulnerable to early life stress.
Visual Acuity
Distinguish differences in shapes, patterns, and colors.
Zygote
Sperm + Egg creates the first cell of new life.
Affect
Physiological response, behavior response, and feeling based on the interpretation of situation/bodily state.
Approach Motivation
Seek out things associated with pleasure.
Avoidance Motivation
Avoid things associated with negative outcomes.
Balance Theory
People are motivated to achieve harmony in their interpersonal relationships.
Basal Metabolic Rate
Minimal amount of energy used during rest.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Information is sent simultaneously to cortex and body resulting in two separate reactions.
Cognitive Dissonance
Unpleasant feeling of holding two conflicting beliefs.
Core Values
Strongly held, enduring beliefs that promote emotion when threatened.
Display Rules
Rules learned through socialization that dictate suitable emotions for specific situations.
Drive
State created by arousal that motivates to satisfy a need.
Emotion
Immediate, negative or positive response to external/internal environment.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation to perform based on external goal.
Feeling
Subjective experience of emotion.
Ghrelin
Signals hunger.
Grit
Deep passion for goals despite setbacks.
Habit
Behavior that consistently reduces drive.
Hedonism
Desire for pleasantness and avoidance of unpleasantness.
Homeostasis
Body tries to maintain equilibrium.
Homeostatic Set Point
Constant weight with no effort.
Ideal Affect
Emotional states people desire to feel.
Incentives
External things that motivate behavior.
Insulin
Causes excess sugar to store as fat/carbohydrates.
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation to perform based on internal pleasure.
James-Lange Theory
We perceive bodily responses to feel emotion.
Lateral Hypothalamus
Stimulates eating.
Leptin
Signals satiety.
Misattribution of Arousal
When the situation that caused the bodily change is misinterpreted and changes how emotions are felt.
Mood
Long lasting emotional states with no trigger.
Motivation
A process that energizes, guides, and maintains behavior towards a goal.
Need
State of deficiency.
Need Hierarchy
Arrangement of needs in order of how much it relates to survival.
Need to Belong
Need for interpersonal attachment.
Negative-Feedback Loop
Feedback decreases activity.
Pleasure Principle
Encouragement to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
Primary Emotions
Innate, adaptive, and universal emotions.
Reappraising
Changing thinking about an emotional reaction by describing it in more neutral terms.
Rebound Effect
Thinking more about what you are trying not to.
Rumination
Elaboration on undesired thoughts/feeling and creates a cycle.
Secondary Emotions
Blends of primary emotions.
Self-Actualization
State that is achieved when one’s personal dreams have been attained.
Self-Affirmation
A need for a sense of self that is stable.
Social Comparison Theory
We compare ourselves to those around us to validate personal behavior.
Self-Determination Theory
People are motivated to satisfy needs for competence.
Self-Distancing
Taking a different perspective to reduce emotion.
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