religious wars

What did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) allow princes in the Holy Roman Empire to do?

It allowed them to choose the religion of their local areas, limited to Catholicism or Lutheranism.

Which religion was not recognized by the Peace of Augsburg?

Calvinism.

How did Calvinism spread in the Holy Roman Empire despite its lack of recognition?

Leaders like Frederick of Palatinate adopted it as their official religion, influencing others.

What was the significance of the Council of Trent for Catholic leaders?

It inspired them to root out Protestantism in their domains.

What non-religious issues contributed to tensions in the Spanish Netherlands and Bohemia?

Independence sentiment and developing dynastic goals and rivalries.

Who were the Huguenots in France?

They were Protestants, primarily from the French nobility.

What event marked the end of the Hapsburg-Valois wars?

The signing of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559.

What happened to Henry II of France during the celebration of the end of the Hapsburg-Valois wars?

He was killed in a joust.

Which three noble families sought influence over the royal family after Henry II's death?

The Catholic Guise, Huguenot Montmorency-Chatillons, and Huguenot Bourbon.

What initiated the French Wars of Religion in 1562?

The Duke of Guise attacked and killed Huguenots worshipping in a barn.

What was the outcome of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

The deaths of 3,000 Huguenots in Paris and up to 20,000 across France.

What was the War of the Three Henrys?

A conflict involving KING Henry III, Huguenot Henry of Navarre, and the Catholic League under Henry I, Duke of Guise

What significant action did Henry IV take to end hostilities in France?

He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, allowing Huguenots to practice their religion publicly.

What is a 'politique' in the context of Henry IV?

A political leader who prioritized national interests over religious interests.

What characterized Spain during its Siglo de Oro in the 16th century?

It became the most powerful state in Europe, bolstered by wealth from the Americas.

What was Philip II's approach to Protestantism?

He sought to expand Spanish influence and root out Protestantism.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Lepanto in 1571?

A combined Spanish-Venetian force defeated the Ottoman naval threat.

What led to the revolt of the Dutch in the Spanish Netherlands?

Philip II's increased taxation and control over the region.

What was the Council of Troubles, established by the Duke of Alva?

A means to root out revolutionaries in the Spanish Netherlands.

What event is known as the Spanish Fury?

The sacking of Antwerp by Spanish mercenaries due to financial strain.

What was the Pacification of Ghent in 1576?

A temporary union of the southern and northern Netherlands against Spain.

Who provided aid to the Dutch rebels during their conflict with Spain?

Elizabeth I of England.

When did the conflict in the Spanish Netherlands finally resolve?

In 1648.

Who was Mary I married to?

Philip II of Spain

What nickname was given to Mary I due to her persecution of Protestants?

Bloody Mary

What were the Marian Exiles?

English Protestants who fled to the continent due to Mary I's persecution.

What significant territorial loss did England suffer during Mary I's reign?

The loss of Calais to France.

What was Elizabeth I's nickname due to her unmarried status?

The Virgin Queen

How did Elizabeth I approach religious policy compared to Mary I?

Elizabeth I reversed Mary I's policies and promoted moderate Protestantism.

What legislative acts did Elizabeth I pass to establish Protestantism in England?

The Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity.

What was the Elizabethan Bargain?

An agreement where Parliament gained control over finances in exchange for Elizabeth's control over foreign policy.

What was the Spanish Armada?

Philip II's failed attempt to invade England in 1588.

What were the main causes of the Thirty Years' War?

Religious division in the Holy Roman Empire and competing dynastic interests.

What event marked the start of the Thirty Years' War?

The Defenestration of Prague in 1618.

Who was Ferdinand II and what was his goal during the Thirty Years' War?

The Holy Roman Emperor who sought to re-Catholicize Bohemia.

What was the outcome of the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years' War?

An Imperial-Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620.

What was the Edict of Restitution?

A decree issued by Ferdinand II in 1629 that returned Protestant territories to Catholic control.

What significant military tactic emerged during the Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years' War?

The rolling volley.

Who was Gustavus Adolphus II?

The Lutheran King of Sweden who led Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War.

What was the role of Cardinal Richelieu during the Thirty Years' War?

He supported Protestant forces to prevent Hapsburg encirclement of France.

What did the Peace of Westphalia accomplish?

It ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized Calvinism.

What state emerged as a result of the thirty year war

Prussia

What was the impact of the Thirty Years' War on the Hapsburgs?

They focused less on the Holy Roman Empire and more on their dynastic holdings.