AP Euro: Ch 21 Quiz

principle of legitimacy

after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions; guided Metternich at the Congress of Vienna

principle of intervention

idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones

balance of power

distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another

ideology

political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism

Burschenschaften

Student societies in the German states dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany

ministerial responsibility

tenet of nineteenth-century liberalism that held that ministers of the monarch should be responsible to the legislative assembly rather than to the monarch

ultraroyalists

nineteenth-century France, a group of aristocrats who sought to return to a monarchical system dominated by a landed aristocracy and the Catholic Church

conservatism

ideology based on tradition and social stability

liberalism

ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible

economic: idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy

political: idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly

socialism

ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods

risorgimento

movement in Italy in the nineteenth century aimed at the creation of a united Italian republic

individualism

Emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person

utopian socialists

Intellectuals and theorists in the early nineteenth century who favored equality in social and economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation

phalanstery

self-sustaining cooperative community, as advocated by Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century

pantheism

doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it

gothic literature

form of literature used by Romantics to emphasize the bizarre and unusual, especially evident in horror stories

What were the chief ideas associated with the ideology of conservatism, and how were these ideas put into practice in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Conservatism was the idea where there should be no change and was based on tradition and social stability (old order) to keep the status quo. We see this put into practice with the Concert of Europe and Quadruple Alliance, which will later be the quintuple alliance when France was added to be created. This group would work together to stop the spread of nationalism & liberalism revolutions.

What were the chief ideas associated with the ideologies of liberalism, and how were these ideas put into practice in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Liberalism was where people should be as free as they can. Political liberalism was where there would be restraints on the exercise of power, so people could enjoy basic civil rights. Economic liberalism was where there was no government interference & people should be as free from restraints as possible (laissez-faire). An example of this is the Reform Act of 1832 in Great Britain. This acknowledges the changes that happened in British life during the Industrial Revolution. This gave new industrial communities more of a voice & made the political system more representative. There was also the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 where it reduced tariffs on imported grains, which helped create a more liberalized economy. The Revolutions in 1848 started by liberal ideas & this led to the adoption of constitutions that protected individual rights & limited the powers of government.

What were the chief ideas associated with the ideologies of nationalism, and how were these ideas put into practice in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Nationalism emphasizes the collective identity and self-determination of a particular nation or ethnic group. We see these ideas being put into practice with Burschenschaften. They were student led unions/societies in Germany who wanted a united Germany. However, they were stopped by the Carlsbad Degrees and the Frankfurt Assembly.

How was Great Britain able to avoid revolution in the 1830s and 1840s?

Great Britain was able to avoid revolutions in the 1830s & 1840s because they were able to put reforms in place unlike other European countries. We see the Reform Act of 1832 an example of this. It acknowledges the obvious changes that happened in British Life during the Industrial Revolution, which gave new industrial communities somewhat of a voice in government. Economic prosperity was another factor. With all the economic growth that the Industrial Revolution brought, it allowed and helped alleviate poverty and improve the living standards for many people. Making them less likely to support revolutionary ideas.