Aedile
An optional magistracy; responsible for the games and public services of Rome
Amicitia (pl. Amicitiae)
Literally friendship; in Republican Rome this was a system of
Censor
Two officials elected by the centuriate assembly for 18 months who are responsible for the census and the moral and political health of the state
Centuriate Assembly (comitia centuriata)
A voting body of citizens organised into 193 voting ‘centuries’ (determined by wealth), responsible for electing consuls and praetors
Clients
Citizens who were bound by loyalty to a wealthy patron to support him in his public interests (e.g. voting and electoral campaigning) in return for support and resources
Concordia Ordinum
Literally ‘the agreement of the orders’, a political ideal held by Cicero in which the original structures of the Republican constitution were encouraged to flourish and continue, with the aristocracy and equites united in the common good of governing the Roman state
Consul
One of the leading senators who presided over the Senate and wielded imperium
Cum Dignitate Otium
Literally ‘leisure with prestige’ used in a wider sense by Cicero to refer to an absolute social, religious, legal and political status quo
Cursus Honorum
The political ladder of elected magistrates; the most junior magistrate was the quaestor, then aedile, praetor and finally consul
Dictator
A position of state established in periods of military crisis - following a senatorial decree one of the consuls nominated a dictator (who was nearly always an ex-consul) and this magistracy with the highest imperium was held by one man for six months only
Dignitas
Acknowledged dignity or prestige, associated particularly with social, religious and political standing
Dominatio
Form of autocracy or despotism that Romans loyal to the res publica loathed
Equites (equestrians)
A rank in the Roman class system which grew in wealth and status through occupations in commerce and finance
Fasces
The insignia of senior Roman magistrates in the form of rods and axes - carried by the magistrate’s attendants (lictors)
Governor
A man selected from an elite group of senators who had previously served as a praetor or consul - he was responsible for the running, safety and taxation of a province, he wielded imperium
Imperium
The official power invested in a consul or a praetor giving him military command of legions
Libertas
A prominent late Republican term for liberty or the political freedom of citizens
Nobiles
A select group of senatorial families distinguished by the inclusion of a consul in their ancestry
Novus Homo
Literally ‘new man’, one who had not only managed to break into the ranks of the Senate, but even to become consul, with no history of the consulship in his family
Optimates
A group of aristocratic families whose energies were channelled into the preservation of the political and social status quo
Patricians
Aristocratic families who could trace their ancestors back to the early days of Rome when Romulus chose them (the patrii = fathers) as the first 100 senators
Plebeians (plebs)
Roman citizens who were not patrician - originally a ‘lower’ order, the plebeians gained significant status as a result of the ‘Conflict of the Orders’ from the 5th to 3rd centuries BC
Populares (pl), popularis (sing)
Noble senatorial families that aimed to secure power through the support of the people by appealling to them with proposals for improving their standards of living
Praetor
Second in authority to the consuls, presiding over the law-courts in Rome - he wielded a lesser imperium to the consuls
Province (provincia)
The sphere in which a magistrate was normally expected to exercise his imperium; it was frequently a geographical area, but it could also be a specific task, such as looking after the corn supply or fighting pirates
Quaestor
The first rung on the ladder of offices; responsible for the state treasury
Quaestiones (law-courts)
Permanent law-courts presided over by one of the praetors - these dealt with various crimes including treason, bribery, corruption and political violence
Res Publica
Literally meaning ‘public affairs’; this was the term the Romans used to refer to their constitution or the state that had replaced the monarchy
Rostra
A raised platform in the Forum from where speakers addressed an assembly
Senatus Consultum Ultimum (SCU)
Abbreviated form of senatus consultum de re publica defendenda, a senatorial decree passed in times of crisis allowing the suspension of the normal restrictions placed on consuls to do whatever was necessary to protect the state
Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR)
‘The Senate and People of Rome’ - the official label or motto of the Roman Republic
Senate
A deliberative assembly central to the government of the Roman Republic - its formal function was to advise the senior magistrates
Senators
The highest and wealthiest citizen class, who were members of the Senate
Tribal Assembly (Comitia Tributa)
A voting body of citizens organised into the traditional 35 tribes of Rome (determined by family or place of habitation) - it was responsible for electing lower magistraterial offices (two of the aediles and twenty quaestors)
Plebeian Assembly (Concilium Plebis)
Organised in the same format as the comitia tributa with 35 tribes, but this assembly excluded the patricians making it wholly plebeian - it elected 10 tribunes of the plebs every year
Tribune of the Plebs
Ten officials elected from the plebeian order to act as a check on the Senate and cursus honorum in Rome
Triumph
A ritual procession through the streets of Rome celebrating military success - the highest public honour awarded to a victorious Roman commander