APUSH Semester 1 Final

Washington's Farewell Address

A warning against political parties and a call for neutrality in foreign affairs.

Republicans vs. Federalists

Republicans wanted limited federal government with a focus on agriculture, while Federalists promoted a strong central government with a manufacturing-based economy.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence, Democratic-Republican, third president, oversaw the Louisiana Purchase.

Alexander Hamilton

Founding father, proponent of the Bank of the United States, and author of the Federalist Papers.

Missouri Compromise

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30' line.

Henry Clay

Known as the 'Great Compromiser,' involved in the corrupt bargain of 1824.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh president, known for being a populist, vetoing the bank, and the Indian Removal Act.

Whig Party

Political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson, promoting the 'American System'.

Panic of 1837

An economic depression resulting from bank failures after Jackson vetoed the bank.

Indian Removal Act

Legislation leading to the Trail of Tears, causing forced relocation of Native Americans.

Nullification

The right of a state to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that Americans were destined to expand westward.

Mexican-American War

Conflict initiated by border disputes and the annexation of Texas, leading to the Mexican Cession.

Abolitionism

Movement aimed at abolishing slavery, associated with figures like Harriet Tubman.

Compromise of 1850

Legislation addressing the status of territories, including California as free and New Mexico as popular sovereignty.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the residents of a territory should decide whether to permit slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Legislation allowing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty.

Bleeding Kansas

Violence erupted in Kansas as pro and anti-slavery factions clashed over the issue of slavery.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case that upheld slavery, stating that slaves were not citizens and could not sue.

Secession

The withdrawal of southern states from the Union to maintain slavery rights.

Reconstruction Plans

Strategies for reintegrating the southern states post-Civil War, featuring Lincoln's leniency versus Radical Republicans' strictness.

Freedman's Bureau

Agency created to assist formerly enslaved individuals with various needs post-Civil War.

Reconstruction Amendments

The 13th (abolition of slavery), 14th (citizenship rights), and 15th (voting rights) Amendments.

Sharecropping

An economic system where former slaves worked land and paid debt with crops, leading to cycles of poverty.

Impeachment of President Johnson

Johnson was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act.

Black Codes

Laws enacted to restrict the freedoms of former enslaved individuals.

Gilded Age

Period characterized by industrial growth, corruption, and wealth disparity.

Horizontal Integration

The process of acquiring competitors to consolidate the market.

Vertical Integration

Control over every stage of production and supply chain.

Social Darwinism

The belief in survival of the fittest applied to societal progress.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist in the steel industry, known for philanthropy and the 'Gospel of Wealth'.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil, known for monopoly practices and vertical integration.

Standard Oil Company

A corporation that dominated the oil industry and was known for its monopolistic practices.

JP Morgan

Influential banker who helped stabilize the economy and acquired Carnegie's business.

George Pullman

Inventor of the Pullman sleeping car, known for creating a company town and labor disputes.

Socialism

An economic system advocating for collective ownership and distribution of resources.

Eugene V. Debs

Labor leader and socialist politician known for advocating workers' rights.

Laissez-Faire

An economic philosophy of minimal government intervention in the market.

Populist Movement

Political movement representing farmers and laborers against elites, advocating for reforms.

Omaha Platform

Political agenda of the Populist Party promoting various reforms including bimetallism.

New Immigration and Labor Movements

Increased immigration from southern and eastern Europe impacting labor practices and conditions.

Nativism

The belief in the superiority of American-born citizens and opposition to immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law prohibiting Chinese immigration to the US for 10 years.

Josiah Strong

Promoter of white expansionism and social Darwinism, justifying American imperialism.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval officer whose writings influenced US naval policy and imperial ambitions.

Spanish-American War

Conflict resulting from Cuban independence efforts and US expansion, leading to new territories.

William McKinley

President during the Spanish-American War, known for imperialist policies.

Pro/Anti-Imperialist Debate

Discourse over whether the US should engage in imperialism.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Philippine independence movement against US colonization.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case establishing 'separate but equal' doctrine upholding segregation.

Progressivism

Movement advocating for social reforms and improving American democratic ideals.

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel exposing the meatpacking industry's unsanitary conditions.

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing corruption and social issues in American society.

Roosevelt's Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelt's domestic policy focusing on consumer protection and corporate regulation.

Progressive Amendments

Constitutional changes enhancing democracy and rights, including women's suffrage.

World War I

Conflict marked by alliances and national security threats, involving major global powers.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's proposal for peace and self-determination after WWI.

League of Nations

An international organization aimed at preventing wars, but the US did not join.

Red Scare

Period of fear and suspicion of communism in the United States.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Italian immigrants executed for a crime they likely did not commit, reflecting nativist sentiments.

Quota System

Immigration laws limiting entry based on nationality, favoring Northern and Western Europeans.

Ku Klux Klan

Racist group promoting white supremacy, targeting various minority groups.

Flappers

Women of the 1920s challenging gender norms with progressive social behavior.

Conservatives vs. Liberals

Conservatives advocate for traditional values, while liberals support change and progress.

1920s Consumerism

An increase in consumer goods purchases and a culture of consumption.

1920s Advertising

Marketing tactics used to influence consumer behavior significantly through various methods.

Installment Plan

Credit system allowing consumers to pay for goods over time, contributing to debt.

Assembly Line

Manufacturing process revolutionizing production efficiency, introduced by Henry Ford.