APUSH Semester 1 Final

  • Washington's farewell address : neutrality, warning against political parties

  • Rep vs fed : rep - limit fed gov, states rights, economy based on farming, fed - national economy based on manufacturing and trade, strong central gov 

  • Thomas Jefferson - wrote the DOI, dem rep, disagreed with Hamilton, founding father, 3rd prez, oversaw LA purchase

  • Alexander Hamilton : founding father, BUS (bank of US), federalist, fed papers

  • Missouri compromise : missouri slave, maine free, no slavery north of 36’ 30” line in LA purchase

  • Henry Clay : great compromiser, involved in corrupt bargain of 1824

  • Andrew Jackson : common man, 7th prez, acted as a tyrant, vetoed bank, indian removal act

  • Whig party : formed in opposition to Jackson, “American system”

  • Panic of 1837 : economic depression, bank failures, due to Jackson vetoing bank

  • Indian removal : indian removal act, trail of tears, jackson caused this

  • Nullification : the ability for a state to nullify laws and acts they see as unconstitutional

  • Manifest destiny : from God, move west

  • Mexican American war : caused by border disputes and annexation of Texas, led to mexican cession/US gaining land

  • Abolitionism : abolish slavery, harriet tubman, underground railroads, led to civil war

  • Compromise of 1850 : CA free, NM & UT left up for popular sovereignty, strict fugitive slave laws, Texas-Mexico border dispute settled

  • Popular sovereignty : people vote/decide (free or slave state)

  • Kansas nebraska act : kansas and nebraska left up to popular sovereignty to decide free or slave, overturned missouri compromise, proposed by stephen douglass, led to formation of rep party

  • Bleeding kansas : John Brown, people (border ruffians) came to kansas from surrounding states to change the vote so it could be a slave state, between pro and anti slavery

  • Dred scott v sandford : court case, upheld legality of slavery, said that slaves were not citizens and couldn't sue, dred scott sued for freedom due to living in a free state, scott lost, invalidated the Missouri Compromise

  • Secession : southern states breaking away from the union, sustain slavery, become the confederates

  • Reconstruction plans : reintegrate the south into the union, after the civil war, lincoln was more forgiving than radical republicans, requirements for reentry of confederate states - ratify amendment to end slavery, south placed under union military control until the conditions of reentry were met, granted citizenship and voting rights to former slaves, Lenient Lincoln, Complete opposite Congress (radical republicans), Johnson in middle

  • Freedman's bureau : helped newly freed slaves with food, shelter, family reunions, medical care, education, legal aid, employment, land, doesn't last long

  • Reconstruction amendments : 13 - abolished slavery (emancipated slaves), 14 - granted slaves citizenship, 15 - granted slaves the right to vote

  • Sharecropping : trapped former slaves, former slaves would work on land but have a debt to pay that they paid with a portion of their crop, made to be like slavery

  • Impeachment of president johnson : violated the tenure of office act by firing secretary of war

  • Black codes : restrictions against former enslaved blacks, restricted freedom

  • Gilded age : wrapped in gold, huge industry/manufacturing boom, wealth gap, political corruption, robber barons/captains of industry, labor movements, child labor, poverty

  • Horizontal integration : buying out other businesses/competitors

  • Vertical integration : being in control of all parts of a supply chain

  • Social darwinism : survival of the fittest

  • Andrew Carnegie : steel industry, gospel of wealth, philanthropist

  • John D Rockefeller : oil industry, vertical integrationist, standard oil was a trust, robber baron, monopolist

  • Standard oil company : trust/monopoly, owned by rockefeller, controlled all oil, built through vertical integration

  • JP Morgan : banker, bought out carnegie, bailed out US during economic depression

  • George Pullman : pullman sleeping car, RR car, pullman town, workers living in his town (money coming back to him), reduced wages, pullman strike

  • Socialism : evenly distributing wealth, economic/political system, collective ownership (major industries are owned by workers rather than by private businesses), control of the collective means of production

  • Eugene V Debs : active labor leader, founded socialist party, ran for prez multiple times, led pullman strike, went to jail for radical beliefs, supported by working class, influenced labor movement and did work for better working conditions

  • Laissez-faire : laid-back approach, minimal government involvement, “letting things be”, led to monopolies & exploitation, supported by robber barons

  • Populist movement : represent interests of farmers and laborers against elites and political powers, direct election of senators, gov ownership of RR, increase money supply for farmers

  • Omaha platform : political agenda, adopted by populists, unlimited coinage of silver(bimetallism), gov regulation of RR and industry, graduated income tax, election reforms

  • “New” immigration/labor movements : large immigration movement, arrived from southern and eastern europe, impacted labor movement by providing large pools of cheap labor, led to poor working conditions and growth of labor unions

  • Nativism : idea that American-born citizens are superior to immigrants, advocated for restrictions on immigration, concerns about foreign threat, "Know nothing party” was a nativist party (targeted Irish Catholic immigrants)

  • Chinese exclusion act : banned/suspended chinese from immigrating to the US for 10 years

  • Josia Strong : 19th century social reformer, advocated for white expansion across globe, justified imperialism, social darwinist, spread christianity

  • Alfred T Mahan : US Naval officer, book correlated strong navy to strong country which influenced naval growth and imperialism, influenced people like teddy roosevelt to expand navy and expand overseas

  • Spanish American war : causes : Cuba's struggle for independence, sinking of USS Maine, effects : US gained Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Philippines revolted for independence, led to debated over imperialism, US emerged as a major world power

  • Willam McKinley : killed by getting shot, prez during spanish american war, republican, supported gold standard over bimetallism, raised tariffs to protect business, imperialist, succeeded by Teddy Roosevelt

  • Pro/Anti-imperialist debate : historical definition of whether US should be involved in imperialism

  • Emilio Aguinaldo : prez and military leader of philippines during the filipino-american war

  • Plessy v ferguson : court case that upheld constitutionality of segregation laws, establishes separate but equal, allowed jim crow laws, Plessy was a mixed raced man who sat in a whites only train car

  • Progressivism : political movement, progression of America, reform, pushed for equal rights for ALL

  • The Jungle : exposes bad working conditions and bad conditions of the meatpacking industry, helped in formation of pure food & drug act and meat inspection act

  • Muckrakers : “raking up the muck”, writers who exposed (corruption) social political & economic problems through their writing

  • Roosevelt's “square deal” : conservation, control of corporations, consumer protection

  • Progressive amendments : during woodrow wilson's presidency, 16 - graduated income tax, 17 - direct election of senators, 18 - prohibition, 19 - women's suffrage

  • WW1 : freedom of the seas, making the world safe for democracy, economic concerns, propaganda, national security threats, allies - britain, italy, france, russia, & US, central powers - germany, ottoman empire, austria hungary, & Bulgaria, women in the war, rationing, war bonds

  • Fourteen points : preventative measures, self-determination, league of nations

  • League of nations : made for countries to get together and talk about problems to prevent wars, US doesn’t become involved (isolationism)

  • Red scare : people were scared, communists in the US, mail bombs

  • Sacco & Vanzetti : italian immigrants who were convicted and killed for a crime they didn't commit, due to people scared of immigrants

  • Quota system : restricted immigration, limiting number of immigrants from each nationality, based on 1890 census, favored N and W europeans, limited E and S europeans

  • Ku Klux Klan : racist group that was reborn, believed in white supremacy, white anglo saxon americans, against immigrants, blacks, catholics, and jews

  • Flappers : dancers, “scandalous”, challenged traditional gender roles, short skirts, bobs, smoking, drinking, growing female liberation

  • Conservatives vs liberals : conservatives - stricter, wanted traditional, liberals - more laid back, more open to change

  • 1920s consumerism : increase in purchase of consumer goods, cars, appliances, radios, credit, buy more mentality, assembly lines, stemmed from mass production during WW1

  • 1920s advertising : influenced consumer significantly, ads were everywhere, used tactics like shock lust fear

  • Installment plan : credit system where previously bought goods are paid for in a series of payments, people bought more than they could pay, interest caused people to go into debt, led to great depression

  • Assembly line : manufacturing process where a product is assembled by moving along a line of workstations, created due to increased purchase of goods, popularized by Henry Ford with automobile manufacturing, lower cost