Kin 381 - Adaptation

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21 Terms

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homeostasis

  • the tendency for the human body to keep all systems at a default level
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heterostasis

  • idea that different parts of the body can be maintained deliberately out of sync with each other
  • body desires to "normalize as quick as possible"
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regular exercise

  • body learns to maintain the normal function values longer in balance and restore function more quickly
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adaptation

  • the body learns to cope with the repeated demands through functional and morphological adaptations
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aerobic training adaptations

  • increased:

cardiac output
blood volume
hematocrit
heart volume
blood flow to lungs
size/number of mitochondria
mitochondrial enzyme activity
capillarization
fat oxidation enzyme activity
blood supply to heart
stroke volume
left ventricle volume
ventricular wall thickness

  • Decreased:
    peripheral resistance
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resistance training adaptations

  • increased

muscle strength
muscle power
balance and coordination
BMR
lean tissue mass
muscle endurance
motor performance
insulin sensitivity

  • Decreased:
    % body fat
    low back pain
    sarcopenia and osteoporosis
    insulin concentration/response to glucose challenge
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  • increase of individual cross-section of a muscle fibre
  • dependent on resistance to muscle contraction and total number of concentrations
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myofibril hypertrophy

  • contractile hypertrophy
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sarcoplasmic hypertrophy

  • non-contractile hypertrophy
  • increase interfibrillar fluid, ATP, glycogen, phosphocreatine, mitochondria
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fast glycolytic

  • increase with training
  • high contraction rates
  • large force
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fast oxidative-glycolytic

  • increase with training
  • high oxidative and glycolytic enzymes
  • increased potential for powerful muscle contraction
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60

Myosin makes up ____% of the total protein content of a muscle fibre with actin and tropomyosin making the next largest contributions therefore - increased myofibrillar protein

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fibre type %

  • aerobic exercise causes increase in more type 1 fibre (oxidative)
  • same is true for any other type of activity including resistance training
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true

True or False: fibre type is genetically determined

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aerobic training (enzymes)

  • increases activity of oxidative enzymes (citrate synthase, Krebs cycle, presence of mitochondria)
  • reduction in activity of anaerobic enzymes
  • increased blood volume
  • increased mitochondrial and capillary density
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neural adaptation

  • level of the CNS and spinal level
  • increase strength without increase cross-sectional area
  • increased neural drive of agonist activation
  • increased motor unit firing, increased motor cortex signal
  • decreased antagonist activation
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connective tissue adaptations

  • most animal studies indicate that endurance and resistance training can increase max strength of tendons and ligaments
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bone adaptations

  • PA (stress/strain) causes an increase in BMD
  • weight bearing / tendon stress through resistance training are indicated
  • site specific
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wolff's law

  • the densities, and to a lesser extent, the sizes and shapes of bones are determined by the magnitude and direction of the acting forces applied to bone
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first 2-6 weeks (resistance training)

  • rapid increase in strength due to neural adaptations
  • no difference in rate of progressions between males and females
  • some cellular / mechanistic adaptations
  • hypertrophy may occur faster than previously thought
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10+ weeks (resistance training)

  • continued strength gains mostly due to cellular adaptations
  • greater hypertrophy in males due to presence of androgenic anabolic hormones (testosterone)