Cognitive Psychology

What are the three stages of memory?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Define Latent Learning.

Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement but is demonstrated when there is motivation.

What is the function of Sensory Memory (SM)?

Holds sensory information for a very short time.

What is the typical duration of Short-Term Memory (STM)?

About 18-30 seconds unless rehearsed.

How does information move from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory?

If rehearsed, especially through maintenance rehearsal.

What is Long-Term Potentiation?

The strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons with frequent activation.

What is Automatic Processing?

Unconscious and effortless encoding of information into memory.

What is the Serial Position Effect?

The tendency to remember information presented at the beginning (primacy effect) or end (recency effect) of a list.

Define Maintenance Rehearsal.

Simply repeating information to keep it in short-term memory for a brief period.

What is the meaning of the term 'Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve'?

The more time spent on learning something, the fewer repetitions needed to relearn.

What is Context Dependent Memory?

The improved recall of information when the same environmental context is present during encoding and retrieval.

Define the term 'Misinformation Effect'.

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

What is the definition of Intelligence according to the lecture?

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

What does the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence propose?

Intelligence consists of three parts: Analytical, Creative, and Practical.

What is the 'Sunk Fallacy'?

Continuing a course of action once you have committed time, effort, and money.

Define Confirmation Bias.

The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions.

What is the Flynn Effect?

Performance on intelligence tests has improved over the years worldwide.

What is a Mnemonic Device?

A strategy that helps one remember by using a word or phrase.

What is Functional Fixedness?

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.

Define the term 'Effortful Processing'.

Conscious and deliberate encoding of information into memory.

What is the role of rehearsal in memory transfer?

Rehearsal helps to transfer information from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory.

What is 'Hierarchies' in the context of memory?

A branching/nested set of categories and subcategories to organize information.

What is fixation?

Fixation is the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective, hindering problem-solving.

What is belief perseverance?

Belief perseverance is the tendency to hold on to one's initial beliefs even when confronted with contrary evidence.

What is a mental set?

A mental set is a framework for thinking about a problem based on past experiences, which may limit creativity.

What is functional fixatedness?

Functional fixatedness refers to the inability to think of an object in a new way, as it is fixed in its usual function.

What is the gambler's fallacy?

The gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that past independent events can affect the probabilities of future events.

What is the G factor?

The G factor, or general intelligence, is a construct that describes the common cognitive abilities among individuals.

What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?

The triarchic theory of intelligence, proposed by Robert Sternberg, suggests that intelligence comprises three components: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

What is the multiple intelligences theory?

Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences theory posits that there are various types of intelligence, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal intelligences, among others.

What is the difference between achievement tests and aptitude tests?

Achievement tests measure knowledge and skills in specific areas, while aptitude tests assess an individual's potential to learn or perform in various tasks.

What are the Wechsler tests?

The Wechsler tests are standardized intelligence tests that measure cognitive abilities across various domains, such as verbal comprehension and processing speed.

What is proactive interference?

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information.

What is retroactive interference?

Retroactive interference happens when new information impairs the recall of previously learned information.

What is anterograde amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an event, often due to brain injury.

What is retrograde amnesia?

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories prior to a specific event, such as trauma or brain injury.

What is infantile amnesia?

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability of adults to retrieve memories from early childhood.

What is parallel processing?

Parallel processing is the ability of the brain to process multiple streams of information simultaneously.

What are the different types of memory?

The different types of memory include sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

What are the parts of the brain involved in memory, and their roles?

Key brain parts involved in memory include the hippocampus (formation of new memories), amygdala (emotional memories), and prefrontal cortex (working memory).

What is source amnesia?

Source amnesia is the inability to remember the origin of a memory, leading to misattribution of the source.