BIOS 213 ch 15

An antigen-presenting cell engulfs a pathogen and activates helper T lymphocytes. This situation is an example of:

adaptive/specific immunity

The inhibition of viral replication by interferons is an example of ______ innate immunity.

internal

______ are molecules on pathogens' cell surface that trigger an immune reaction

PAMPs

Dendritic cells and macrophages release __ __and__ ___, which attract immune cells and regulate immune activities

chemokines, cytokines

Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) occur when tissue dies from _____

trauma

Macrophages, once activated through their toll-like receptors, secrete _____ which increase inflammation and induce chemotaxis.

cytokines or chemokines

The pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the surface of pathogens binds to _____ on the surface of innate immune system cells.

pathogen recognition receptors

When chemokines attract neutrophils and monocytes to an infection site, they pass through the blood vessel walls in a process called

extravasation or diapedesis

neutrophils are found in the

blood and all tissues

monocytes are found in the

blood only

microglia are found in the

CNS

Kupffer cells are found in the

liver

alveolar macrophages are found in the

lungs

Most of the time, macrophages are not activated, since they have not detected pathogens. When they are not activated, macrophages clear ____ from body fluids

debris

The part of the brain that regulates shivering and other aspects of thermoregulation is the

hypothalamus

What are 3 ways that fevers inhibit the activity of pathogens?

by decreasing plasma iron concentrations, increasing neutrophil activity and increasing interferon production

Polypeptides called _____ are secreted by virus-infected cells. They act on other cells to prevent viral infection.

interferons

apoptotic cells secrete _____ to signal to macrophages “eat me”

phosphatidylserine

endogenous pyrogen acts on the _____ to increase the set body temperature

hypothalamus

the proteins produced from lymphocytes, and which confer specific immunity, are

antibodies

Some molecules are not antigenic by themselves; rather, they have to bind to proteins before becoming antigenic. These molecules are called

haptens

Molecules that trigger an immune response and the production of antibodies are

antigens

Humoral immunity is important in fighting what kind of infection?

bacterial

T lymphocytes are responsible for ______.

cell-mediated immunity

B lymphocytes are responsible for ______.

humoral immunity

Heparin-releasing immune system cells, found in most tissues of the body, are ____ cells

mast

What are some effects of histamine?

vasodilation

bronchiolar constriction

increased capillary permeability

what 3 substances are secreted by mast cells?

histamine

tumor necrosis factor

proteases

Monocytes, once activated, transform into macrophages. What are 3 functions of these macrophages?

ingest remnants of neutrophils

secrete nitric oxide (vasodilation)

secrete growth factors for repair

Monocytes are activated by

proteins secreted by neutrophils

Memory cells are cellular progeny from

B lymphocytes

production of this immunoglobulin is increased by immunization

IgG

this immunoglobulin is present in saliva and breast milk

IgA

this immunoglobulin causes allergy symptoms

IgE

this immunoglobulin is secreted during primary immune response

IgM

Which part of an antibody is always the same for an individual?

Fc region

The process by which antibodies enhance the ability of phagocytic cells to attack bacteria.

opsonization

Where are albumin and alpha, beta and gamma globulin proteins found?

dissolved in plasma

Complement is part of the ______ defense mechanism.

nonspecific

Killer T cells, when in contact with victim cells, secrete _______, which penetrate the plasma membrane of these cells and cause massive inward osmosis, destroying the cell.

perforins

Activated killer T cells secrete _______, which enter the victim cell and activate enzymes that destroy its DNA

granzymes

Killer T cells mainly defend against: (3 things)

cancer, fungal infections, viral infections

regulatory T lymphocytes will _____ part of the specific immune response

inhibit

which helper T cell subtype activates killer T cells and stimulates NO production in macrophages?

TH1

which helper T cell subtype activates B lymphocytes and humoral immunity?

TH2

which helper T cell subtype stimulates neutrophils?

TH17

In retroviruses such as HIV, an enzyme, ______ ______ , is needed to transcribe RNA to DNA

reverse transcriptase

When trying to match an organ donor with a recipient, which needs to match as closely as possible?

Histocompatibility antigens

HIV targets ______ cells

helper T

Once activated by an antigen-presenting cell, a helper T cell will activate a _______ cell

B

The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids, which ______ immune system activity

decreases

The clonal selection theory explains the mechanism of _______ immune response

secondary

An immunization is the injection of a pathogen with _____ virulence and _____ antigenicity.

decreased; increased

Where are germinal centers found?

In secondary lymphoid organs

Germinal centers contain

clones of plasma cells and memory cells

Autoantibodies are antibodies that bind to _____

self-antigens