APEH Unit 7 Vocab

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often leading to the desire for national independence or self-governance.

German Confederation

A loose association of German states formed in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna, aimed at promoting economic cooperation and political unity among its members.

Frankfurt Assembly

The first elected parliament for all of Germany, convened in 1848 to create a unified German state and draft a constitution, but ultimately failed to achieve its goals.

Pan-Slavism

A movement advocating the unity and cooperation of Slavic peoples, promoting cultural and political solidarity among Slavic nations.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist and key figure in the unification of Italy, Mazzini founded the Young Italy movement and advocated for a democratic republic.

Charles Albert

A king of Sardinia who played a significant role in the Italian unification movement, known for his liberal reforms and participation in the First Italian War of Independence against Austria.

Young Italy

A political movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831, aimed at creating a unified and independent Italy through the involvement of young nationalists.

Carbonari

A secret society in Italy that emerged in the early 19th century, advocating for national unity and liberal reforms, and played a significant role in the Italian unification efforts.

risorgimento

The period of Italian unification that took place in the 19th century, characterized by a series of political and military events that led to the establishment of a unified Kingdom of Italy.

France under Napoleon III

refers to the period from 1852 to 1870 when Napoleon III ruled as Emperor, marked by economic modernization, expansion of the French empire, and efforts to promote national unity in France.

Benjamin Disraeli

A British statesman and leader of the Conservative Party who served as Prime Minister twice in the 19th century. He is known for his role in the expansion of the British Empire and for social reforms that addressed the needs of the working class.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian general and nationalist who played a key role in the unification of Italy. He is best known for his military campaigns and leadership of the Red Shirts.

Victor Emmanuel II

The first king of a unified Italy, he ruled from 1861 to 1878 and played a significant role in the Italian unification process alongside figures like Garibaldi and Cavour.

Count Cavour

An Italian statesman and prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia who was a leading figure in the Italian unification movement. He is known for his diplomatic strategies and alliances that helped achieve a unified Italy.

realpolitik

A political system focused on practical and pragmatic solutions rather than ideological or moral considerations, often associated with statecraft and diplomacy.

Otto von Bismarck

A German statesman who was the architect of German unification in the 19th century, known for his use of realpolitik and significant role in the creation of the German Empire.

Franco-Prussian War

A conflict between France and Prussia from 1870 to 1871, which led to the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire.

Dual Monarchy

A political union formed in 1867 between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian Empire, creating a dual system of governance while maintaining separate administrations.

January Rising

An unsuccessful Polish uprising against Russian rule in 1863, aimed at regaining independence for Poland.

Russian serf emancipation

The process of abolishing serfdom in Russia, officially enacted in 1861 by Tsar Alexander II, granting freedom and limited rights to serfs.

Eastern question

The diplomatic and political problems posed by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the impact on European powers and territories.

Crimean War

A conflict from 1853 to 1856 between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia, primarily over territorial disputes and the decline of Ottoman power.

Suez Canal

A man-made waterway in Egypt, completed in 1869, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, significantly reducing travel time for maritime trade.

new imperialism

A period of colonial expansion by European powers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by the acquisition of territories in Africa and Asia, driven by economic, political, and cultural motivations.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid invasion, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers in the late 19th century, leading to significant political and economic changes across the continent.

White man’s burden

The perceived duty of Western powers to civilize and educate non-Western peoples, often used to justify imperialism and colonial rule.

East India Company

A British trading corporation established in the early 17th century, which played a crucial role in the expansion of British trade and influence in India, ultimately leading to direct British governance over the Indian subcontinent.

Sepoy Rebellion

A major uprising in 1857 against the British East India Company's rule in India, fueled by cultural and political grievances.

Raj

The period of direct British rule in India from 1858 to 1947, following the suppression of the Sepoy Rebellion, characterized by significant political, social, and economic changes.

Lord Curzon

a British statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, known for implementing significant administrative reforms and promoting education.

Opium Wars

two conflicts in the mid-19th century between China and Britain over trade, particularly regarding the opium trade, leading to significant territorial and economic concessions by China.

Taiping Rebellion

a massive civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by Hong Xiuquan, aiming to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a theocratic state.

Boxer Rebellion

an anti-foreign uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, driven by nationalist sentiments and opposition to foreign imperialism, ultimately suppressed by an international coalition.

Russo-Japanese War

a conflict between Russia and Japan from 1904 to 1905, primarily over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, resulting in a surprising victory for Japan.

French in Algeria

a military campaign initiated by France in 1830 that led to the colonization of Algeria, resulting in significant social and cultural changes in the region.

Congo Free State

a large area in Central Africa ruled by King Leopold II of Belgium from 1885 to 1908, known for its exploitation and atrocities against the local population.

Berlin Conference

a meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers agreed on the rules for the colonization of Africa, leading to the partitioning of the continent among themselves.

Pan-African Conference

a series of meetings held to promote solidarity among African nations and peoples, advocating for independence and unity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Fashoda Incident

a standoff in 1898 between French and British forces in Sudan, which heightened tensions over colonial ambitions in Africa.

Ethiopia

the only African nation to successfully resist colonization during the Scramble for Africa, notably defeating Italy at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

Afrikaners

descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, known for their role in the development of apartheid and their distinct cultural identity.

anarchists

Political activists who advocate for a society without government or hierarchical authority, often promoting direct action and self-governance.

syndicalists

a political movement that advocates for direct action and the use of strikes to achieve workers' rights and control over industries.

German SDP

A political party in Germany that represents the interests of the working class and advocates for social democracy, playing a significant role in the country's political landscape during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Labour Party

A major political party in the United Kingdom that advocates for social justice, workers' rights, and democratic socialism.

women’s suffrage

the movement advocating for women's right to vote and participate in political processes.

Emmeline Pankhurst

A British political activist and leader of the women's suffrage movement, known for her militant tactics and founding the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).

Millicent Fawcett

A British suffragist and leader of the women's suffrage movement, known for her moderate approach and founding the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS).

Paris Commune

A radical socialist government that ruled Paris from March to May 1871, aiming to establish a new social order.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal in France involving the wrongful conviction of Jewish army officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason, which highlighted deep divisions in French society over issues of anti-Semitism and civil rights.

Zionism

A nationalist movement among Jewish people aimed at establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine, particularly after the persecution in Europe.

Herzl

Austrian journalist and key figure in the development of modern Zionism, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state.

Kulturkampf

A political struggle in Germany initiated by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck aimed at reducing the influence of the Catholic Church in public life and promoting state control over religious institutions.

German socialist legislation

refers to a series of laws enacted in Germany during the late 19th century under Chancellor Bismarck, aimed at improving the social welfare of workers while countering the growth of socialism.

William Gladstone V

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, known for his liberal policies and efforts in social reform, particularly in education and Irish home rule.

David Lloyd George

A British statesman who served as Prime Minister during World War I and was a key figure in the introduction of social reforms and the establishment of the welfare state.

Sinn Fein

an Irish republican political party founded in 1905, advocating for Irish independence from British rule and promoting the rights of the Irish people.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, they advocated for a revolutionary approach to socialism and played a key role in the October Revolution of 1917.

Mensheviks

A faction within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party that opposed the Bolsheviks, advocating for a more democratic and gradual approach to socialism.

Russian Revolution 1905

A series of protests and uprisings in Russia that aimed to establish a constitutional monarchy and address social grievances, ultimately leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks and key figure in the Russian Revolution, he established a one-party state and implemented socialist policies.

Ottoman decline

The period during which the Ottoman Empire experienced significant territorial losses, economic difficulties, and internal strife, leading to its eventual dissolution after World War I.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist known for formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Social Darwinism

An ideology that applies the concept of natural selection to human societies, suggesting that certain groups are superior to others and justifying imperialism and social inequality.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories on the unconscious mind, dreams, and the development of personality.

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who challenged traditional morality and religion, emphasizing the concept of the "will to power" and the idea of the "Übermensch."

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Russian novelist known for exploring psychology, morality, and existentialism in works such as "Crime and Punishment" and "The Brothers Karamazov."

Leo Tolstoy

Russian author known for his novels "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina," which explore themes of morality, society, and human experience.

modernism

A cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a break from traditional forms and a search for new expressions in art, literature, and philosophy.

Impressionism

An artistic movement that originated in the late 19th century, characterized by a focus on light, color, and everyday subjects, often capturing fleeting moments.

Monet

A French painter and a leading figure in the Impressionist movement, known for his landscapes and depictions of light, particularly in works like "Water Lilies" and "Impression, Sunrise."

Degas

A French artist known for his contributions to Impressionism, particularly in painting and sculpture, often depicting ballet dancers and scenes of everyday life.

Van Gogh

A Dutch post-impressionist painter known for his vivid colors and emotional depth, famous for works like "Starry Night" and "Sunflowers."

Picasso

A Spanish painter and sculptor who co-founded the Cubist movement, known for his innovative use of form and color in works such as "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" and "Guernica."

cubism

An art movement characterized by fragmented objects and subjects, presented from multiple perspectives, leading to abstracted forms and a focus on geometric shapes.