iac101 final | Quizlet

14th Amendment Definition

1) Citizenship for all born/naturalized in US 2) Due process for life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness 3) Everyone has equal protection under the law

14th Amendment Significance, Origin/Date

Introduced a lot of protections for formerly enslaved people and limited states' power to infringe on rights/liberties Congress passed in 1866, states ratified in 1868

15th Amendment Definition

Prohibited denying someone the right to vote based on race, color, or previous conditions of servitude

15th Amendment Significance, Origin/Date

Gave black Americans (men) the right to vote. Congress passed in 1869, states ratified in 1870

19th Amendment Definition

Prohibited denying someone the right to vote based on sex

19th Amendment Significance, Origin/Date

Gave women the right to vote. Congress passed in 1919, states ratified in 1920

26th Amendment Definition

Established standard minimum age to vote at 18 years old

26th Amendment Significance, Origin/Date

Made voting age 18 (was 21) Passed and ratified in 1971

Funeral Oration of Pericles Definition

Speech made in remembrance of those lost in Peloponnesian War, celebrates democracy and freedom, called a eulogy of Athens itself. He praises the dead, praises Athens' equal justice under law, openness to the world, and unrelenting democracy.

Funeral Oration of Pericles Significance, Origin/Date

"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country", was a great funeral address in honoring the dead and emboldening the living to keep loving and fighting for Athens, Lincoln was inspired by it for Gettysburg Address, called greatest speech of all time. 431 BCE (end of first year of Peloponnesian War), Given by Pericles and recorded by Thucydides

State of nature Definition

Condition of human beings without political affiliations/government/established civilization

State of nature Significance

Defined differently by theorists. Hobbes saw it as a war between everyone, self preservation, no justice, where existence is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". Locke saw it as still having mutual obligation of self preservation and the law of nature to not harm others' natural rights to life, liberty and property, peacefully. Rousseau thought it was morally neutral and peaceful where people only act on urges to survive, not pride/envy/etc.

Consent of the governed Definition

Idea that a government's legitimacy comes from the peoples' consent of its power and actions. Mentioned verbatim in the US Constitution, but found in Declaration of Independence, V.A. Declaration of Rights, Locke's writings, etc.

Consent of the governed Significance

The idea supported democratic efforts and was in stark contrast to the monarchy and colonialism, established the need for citizens' input in and support of government.

Magna Carta Definition

A Royal Charter stating that the king and his government were subject to the law, limiting his power and exploitation of it. It also protected many rights of people, churches, etc..

Magna Carta Significance, Origin/Date

It set precedent that the king isn't above the law, so the king (John) didn't want to sign it, but did when pressured by barons. It built the foundation for modern democracy, inspired and even justified the American Revolution. Signed by King John in 1215

English Bill of Rights Definition

Act of Parliament stating the rights of English people, was created as a way to settle the succession of overthrown King James II by having William III and Mary II (successors) agree to honor the rights of citizens. It established a constitutional monarchy where the Crown has to seek consent of the people, limits on power/taxation from crown, no standing army, freedom of speech in Parliament, right for Protestants to bear arms, free elections for Parliament, no excessive/cruel fines/punishments, etc.

English Bill of Rights Significance, Origin/Date

Established a constitutional monarchy, and greatly influenced the 1776 V.A. Declaration of Rights, and thus US Declaration of Independence. 1689, from Parliament and signed by new King and Queen

U.S. Declaration of Independence Definition

Document declaring independence from Britain, mentions law of nature as entitlement to separate. Government derives power from consent of governed, right to alter/abolish, grievances with king (repeated injuries and usurpations of rights), severs from the British Crown.

U.S. Declaration of Independence Significance, Origin/Date

Made America, duh. Took a lot on inspiration from English Declaration of Rights and V.A Declaration of Rights. 1776, passed unanimously by Second Continental Congress

Birthright citizenship Definition

Concept of automatic citizenship for those born on US soil or born from a US citizen.

Birthright citizenship Significance, Origin/Date

Existed throughout US history (from English Common Law), but excluded enslaved people (until the passage of 14th amendment/Civil rights act of 1866) and women for various reasons ex. Marrying a non-citizen per Expatriation Act 1907). Was first officially/uniformly made in law through the Naturalization Act of 1790. From English Common Law, exceptions made and later resolved through US history

Naturalization Act of 1790 Definition

Officially limited citizenship to free white males of good character, added some restrictions to naturalization (ex. Residency requirements)

Naturalization Act of 1790 Significance

The first law making uniform standards of naturalization

Chinese Exclusion Act Definition

An Act banning all Chinese laborer immigrants for 10 years

Chinese Exclusion Act Significance, Date

First major law preventing a whole group of people from immigrating, eventually shaped race-based law making of the twentieth century. 1882

Indian Citizenship Act Definition

Declared Native Americans born within US as citizens

Indian Citizenship Act Significance, date

Constitution, Dred Scott decision, Civ Rights act of 1866 all excluded Indians from citizenship (bc not taxed), so this granted many of them citizenship. 1924

Nationality Act of 1924 (Immigration Act of 1924) Definition

Act that set quotas on immigration from countries (and prevented immigration from Asia) and created US Border Patrol. Allegedly in order to "preserve the ideal of US homogeneity".

Nationality Act of 1924 (Immigration Act of 1924) Significance

Was really anti-asian, and was not well received at all, and clearly had negative economic effects. Hitler praised it for banishing "strangers of the blood", so yk prob not good. #Eugenics (replaced in 1965)

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Definition

Ended National Origins Formula/quotas from Nationality Act of 1924, replaced it with "regular" immigration we know now, with priority given to family of citizens/legal permanent residents etc.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Significance

No more de facto anti-asian (and like everyone else) racism in immigration law, it changed US demographic makeup significantly, with far more Asia and Africa immigrants

Habeas corpus Definition

"you should have the body", legal writ preventing detainment without legal reason or end date. Mandates that if one is unlawfully detained, they must be able to go to court to argue their illegal detainment

Habeas corpus Significance

US got if from English common law and wrote it into the Constitution. It's implemented throughout many governments, not just US and UK

U.S. Bill of Rights Definition

The U.S. Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, protecting fundamental rights like freedom of speech, religion, and the press, as well as rights to due process and protection from excessive government power.

U.S. Bill of Rights Significance, origin/date

The Bill of Rights ensures individual liberties against government overreach and is a cornerstone of American democracy, influencing global human rights standards. Ratified on December 15, 1791.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Definition

T his landmark federal legislation prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, ensuring equal treatment in public accommodations, employment, and education.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Significance, origin/date

It is a key legal victory of the Civil Rights Movement, significantly advancing racial equality and setting a precedent for future anti-discrimination laws. Signed into law on July 2, 1964.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Definition

The Voting Rights Act aimed to eliminate racial discrimination in voting, particularly in Southern states, by prohibiting literacy tests and poll taxes and providing federal oversight in areas with discriminatory practices.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Significance, date

The Act greatly expanded voting rights for African Americans and other minority groups, ensuring a more inclusive and representative democracy. Signed into law on August 6, 1965.

"Ich bin ein Berliner" Definition

It literally translates to "I am a Berliner." It is what JFK said in his address to Berlin after the construction of the Berlin wall.

"Ich bin ein Berliner" Significance, date

It signified the United States' dedication to global democracy and the US's allegiance to help Berlin and Germany under Soviet rule. It was one of the first notions of global citizenship. Berlin, June 26, 1963

VAP Definition

VAP stands for the voting age population. The voting age population in the United States is those 18 years or older.

VAP Significance

It was changed from 21 to 18 years old with the 26th amendment.

VEP Definition

VEP stands for the voting eligible population and includes citizens who are legally eligible to vote, accounting for age and citizenship status, but excluding those disenfranchised due to legal reasons. It can differ from state to state though.

VEP Significance

It has changed throughout history with the addendums of the 15th and 19th amendments.

Felon disenfranchisement Definition

It is the practice of disallowing individuals convicted of felony crimes from participating in political elections.

Felon disenfranchisement Significance

It bars some from the voting age population being able to vote. It differs from state to state; in some states, certain felonies do not result in felon disenfranchisement.

Ladder of participation Definition

The term was coined by Sherry Arnstein, and it describes the varying levels of citizen participation in government affairs. From lowest level of participation to highest level, the ladder goes, "manipulation, therapy, informing, consultation, placation, partnership, delegated power, citizen control." Manipulation and therapy are forms of nonparticipation; informing, consultation, and placation are degrees of tokenism; partnership, delegated power, and citizen control are degrees of citizen power.

Ladder of participation Significance, date

It helped to identify areas of the government where citizen participation could be improved and be more inclusive to all citizens. It also provided real-life examples of each rung of the ladder. It was published in July 1969.

Civic associations Definition

Civic associations are groups of citizens that are mutually sustaining, yet distinct, according to Tocqueville. They draw people together for nonpolitical purposes and can have many different backgrounds and goals.

Civic associations Significance

Tocqueville argues that without civic associations, civilization would be endangered. It is the only means Americans have of acting, according to Tocqueville.

Dred Scott v. Sandford Definition

Dred Scott was a freed slave who sued for his freedom because he had been to Illinois and Wisconsin (free states/territories). Led by Chief Justice Taney, the SCOTUS ruled that slaves were not citizens of the U.S. and could not receive protection from the government/courts. It also upheld slavery in the US territories, which violated the MO compromise and declared the compromise unconstitutional.

Dred Scott v. Sandford Significance, date

This court decision dramatically increased tensions between those against slavery and those for slavery in the US. Furthermore, the invalidation of the MO compromise was extremely controversial. The case was decided on March 6, 1857.

Plessy v. Ferguson Definition

Homer Plessy was ⅛ Black and was arrested for sitting in an all-White train car in Louisiana. The court ruled that Blacks are separate but equal from Whites. The court argued this doctrine upheld the 14th amendments because, in theory, Blacks would be given equal facilities.

Plessy v. Ferguson Significance, date

This court decision allowed for Jim Crow laws to be passed in states, allowing for segregation between Blacks and Whites in facilities like restrooms, drinking fountains, schools, restaurants, etc. Many civil rights groups formed as a result of Jim Crow laws. The case was decided on May 18, 1896.

Brown v. Board of Education Definition

This was a class action lawsuit, and its goal was to desegregate schools on the grounds that Black children were not receiving the same quality education as White children. The court ruled that separate was inherently unequal and that separating children based on race generates a feeling of inferiority.

Brown v. Board of Education Significance, date

This case was significant because it ruled against segregation laws that had been implemented as a result of Plessy v. Ferguson. However, it was difficult to figure out how to implement desegregation in states. The case was decided on May 17, 1954.

Declaration of Sentiments Definition

This document mimicked the Declaration of Independence, but instead of listing grievances against England, it was written by women and listed grievances against men in the U.S. Its goal was to create equality between men and women.

Declaration of Sentiments Significance, origin/date

It was essentially calling out men in the U.S. for not giving women the equality they deserved. It is one of the first documents written by women on behalf of women's rights and voting rights. Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

"Remember the ladies" Definition

Abigail Adams coined this phrase in her letter to John Adams. Essentially, she was explaining to him that the writers of the new code of laws should given women rights and be kinder to them than generations of men past and to not give unlimited power to men.

"Remember the ladies" Significance, date

This was one of the first instances of women in the (future) US advocating for equal rights, not just for men but also for women. March 31, 1776

Civil disobedience Definition

Civil disobedience is refusing to obey laws or governmental demands, typically collectively, but not always, as a means of forcing concessions from the government.

Civil disobedience Significance

It has been used many times throughout American history by groups such as Women's voting rights groups and civil rights organizations in order to change the law for the betterment of those groups.

Plyler v. Doe Definition

A school district in Texas attempted to bar undocumented Immigrant children from public schools by charging tuition to the undocumented children attempting to attend those schools. The court ruled that the school district could not implement this policy because it was in violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th amendment.

Plyler v. Doe Significance, origin/date

States could not deny students public education based on their immigration status, noting that education is a fundamental right. It was decided on June 15, 1982

Federalist 10 Definition

It was a Federalist paper written by James Madison that argued the U.S. should have a large republic with many factions to balance each other out. The causes of faction cannot be removed because it would extinguish liberty and free thought, according to Madison.

Federalist 10 Significance, date

Federalist 10 emphasized the idea of a strong republic, which was the main idea of the Federalist papers. It was used as a guide in creating the constitution. It was published in November 1787.

Federalist 51 Definition

Written by James Madison, it addresses how the government should have separation of powers and checks and balances, but the spirit of the people should be primary in ensuring rights.

Federalist 51 Significance, date

Federalist 10 is significant because it emphasizes the importance of the people in government, not just government's innerworkings. Published February 1788.

Rules for great listeners Definition

The 4 qualities of a good listener are asking questions that promote discovery, making the other person feel supported and respected, creating cooperative, not competitive, conversation, and making suggestions with skill and respect.

Rules for great listeners Significance, date

Article published in 2016.

Connections b/w civil society and knowledge Definition

According to Levine, there are three major ways civil society and knowledge are connected. First, citizens must have skills plus facts/concepts plus knowledge that allows them to negotiate views of right and wrong. Second, civil society generates knowledge, some forms of which cannot be generated by anything else. Last, civil society plays a vital role in preserving the institutions that produce valuable knowledge.

Connections b/w civil society and knowledge Significance

The networks of civil society are responsible for bringing about civil knowledge and protecting it from threats.

Washington's Farewell Address Definition

In his farewell address, Washington warned against a few things: putting regional interests ahead of the nation, the proliferation of political parties, and too much foreign involvement. He also addressed the idea that national morality cannot exist without religiosity.

Washington's Farewell Address Significance, date

While some of Washington's warnings were not heeded, his speech was important in establishing some core properties of our nation. 1796

Mill's three reasons to tolerate disagreement Definition

Mill's first reason to tolerate disagreement is that the suppressed opinion might be true. Second, even if one opinion is wrong, it should still be discussed so that the other opinion does not become "dead dogma." Third, most arguments have a combination of truths and falsehoods.

Mill's three reasons to tolerate disagreement Significance

Mill's argument can allow for more free speech and liberty, as well as free thought.

Three types of engaged citizen Definition

The three types of an engaged citizen are the personally responsible citizen, the participatory citizen, and the justice-oriented citizen. Personally responsible citizens value individual contributions to their communities. Participatory citizens value contributions to the social and political life of their local, state, and national communities. Justice-oriented citizens are interested in collective civic engagement to understand and dismantle systems of oppression.

Three types of engaged citizen Significance

Civic engagement is grounded in improving communities and extends beyond just politics.