environmental chem final

what column is the halogens

17

how do you know a chemical name based on the structure?

look where chemicals are located and how many are there

where are carbons on a chemical structure

every bend and every end of a line

how many carbons are in a ring

6

how many hydrogen are in a basic aromatic ring

6

what is the valence pattern for the columns on the periodic table

1 2 3 4 3 2 1

how to tell which direction is favored at equilibrium in a reaction

it goes towards the higher pka

how to identify conjugates

Acid ↔ Conjugate Base (minus one H⁺)

Base ↔ Conjugate Acid (plus one H⁺)

how to find equilibrium constant of a reaction

subtract one pka from the other

how do you know if n is positive or negative for the equilibrium constant

look at which direction is favored, left is negative

how to identify sp3 hybrids

sp³ hybridized carbons are identified by having four single bonds (with other carbons or hydrogens) and no double or triple bonds, typically forming a tetrahedral geometry with bond angles around 109.5°.

how to find percent ionized form amount

To calculate the percent ionized of a weak acid at a given pH, use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, solve for the ratio of un-ionized to ionized species, then calculate the fraction ionized using, and convert that fraction to a percentage.

which element is the most electronegative

F

how to know if a molecule structure has no permanent dipole moment

To determine if a molecule has no permanent dipole moment, check if it has polar bonds and a symmetrical shape; if so, the dipoles cancel out, resulting in no permanent dipole moment

how do you know what acts as lewis acids but not bronsted acids

To identify a Lewis acid but not a Brønsted acid, look for a species that lacks H⁺ but can accept an electron pair, like metal cations or electron-deficient molecules

how to find number of valence electrons

look at group number

how to identity polar covalent bonds

different nonmetals bonded

how to assign formal charges on a molecule structure

subtract the number of valence electrons in the free atom from the number in the bonded atom

how to calculate degree of unsaturation

for each ring or pi bond, you add 1 to the degree of unsaturation

how to find what vitamin is least water soluble

look for low amount of H bonds and no dipole

how to know what molecule can bond with other molecules like itself

Molecules with similar polarity, hydrogen bonding capabilities, or ionic charges can bond with each other based on complementary structures

how to know what molecule can bond with other molecules like itself through dispersion forces

Molecules with similar sizes and shapes, especially nonpolar ones, can bond with each other through dispersion forces (induced dipoles), which are weaker interactions

how to know what can hydrogen bond with water but not itself

Molecules that can hydrogen bond with water but not with themselves typically have a hydrogen bond donor (like an -OH or -NH group) but lack the ability to form similar bonds with other molecules of the same kind due to their lack of complementary donor/acceptor groups in their own structure

how to identify cis and trans alkenes

In trans alkenes, the two substituents are positioned on opposite sides of the double bond’s plane, while in cis alkenes, they are on the same side

alkenes in the atmosphere contribute to the formation of this molecule which is beneficial in the stratosphere because it absorbs UV light but is a pollutant in the troposphere

isoprene

what alkene makes the smoky mountains smoky

isoprene makes them smoky

what two alkenes are released by plants

isoprene and ethylene

benzene has high or low water solubility

high

_____ is a resonance hybrid with a planar structures containing regular hexagon of carbon atoms

benzene

is benzene more reactive in addition reactions than alkenes

no

how to know what molecules are PAH

they are just rings bonded together

does benzene have a high water solubility

no

are PAH highly soluble in water

they are not

do PAH break down quickly or slowly in nature

slowly

PAHs are expected of being

carcinogens

how are PAHs mainly introduced to the atmosphere

incomplete combustion of organic materials

Ester definition

compound derived from an acid in which the H atom is replaced by an organyl group

what type of catalyst is used to make esters

acid

primary alcohol leads to

an acid

secondary alcohol leads to

ketone

what is ozonolysis

the cleavage of alkenes into carbonyl compounds and reactive organic molecules

what is the main source of aldehydes in the atmosphere

incomplete combustion of organic materials

what are the main implications for human health of C1-C3 aldehydes in the air

respiratory illnesses such as COPD and cancer

an amide is the product of condensation of an amine with?

a carboxylic acid

when an amos is dissolved in water, what happens to the pH?

it does not change

Phenol has a Pka of 10. at pH 7, it is mostly in the _____ form

neutral

how to tell which molecule has the lowest melting point

Small, branched, nonpolar

how to tell what molecules are aromatic

presence of three double bonds in a 6 ring

how to identify the conjugated double bonds

alternate single and double bonds

what is the main reaction of amides

hydrolysis

how to identify highest boiling point

look for hydrogen bonds and dipole

how to find alkene monomer in a structure

it’s a section of the structure with a double bond added

oxidized needs

oxygen or a halogen

reduce needs a

hydrogen

what polysaccharide is a major component of the plant cell wall

cellulose

how do you find the value of Kow in a substance

Divide the concentration in substance by the concentration in water

How to find Log P based on log Kow

take the log 10 of it

Dieldrin has a log Kow value of 5.40. Under U.S. EPA standards, which description applies?

Very bioaccumulative

in what type of biological lipid do non polar organic molecules bioaccumulate

triglycerides

how to identify micelle

spherical structure formed when amphipathic molecules arrange themselves in water with hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophilic heads outward

how to identify bilayer structure

A bilayer structure is identified when amphipathic molecules form two parallel layers with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward

Described as a fluid mosaic consisting of a lipid bilayer with embedded integral membranes and associated peripheral membrane proteins

biological membranes

Are biological membranes highly permeable to ions, polar molecules, and macromolecules?

They are not

What serves as a function beyond compartmentalizing cells and organelles

biological membranes

What are biological membranes made up of

amphiphilic lipid molecules with hydrophobic acid tails

what are major components of biological membranes

gycerophospholipids and sterols

how to identify part of a protein

identify an α-helix section of a protein by its coiled shape stabilized by hydrogen bonds between every fourth amino acid in the backbone, forming a right-handed spiral

how to identify what kind of structure a protein structural element represents

You identify a protein’s structural level based on complexity

Enzyme reaction rates are insensitive or sensitive to pH?

sensitive

______ accelerate chemical reactions a

catalysts

_____ refers to the condition where increasing substrate concentration produces no increase in reaction rate

Saturation

What term do we apply to chemicals that slow or eliminate enzyme activity?

Inhibitors

what wavelength range of light produces ozone from O2

100-240

What important role does stratospheric ozone play in relation to the health of terrestrial organisms

blocks UV radiation from the sun, especially UV-B

How do halocarbons affect the stratospheric ozone layer

they release Cl or Br atoms that catalytically decompose ozone

Which are the primary pollutants responsible for photochemical smog

VOCs and NO2

Which are the two most important seconary pollutants produced in photochemical smog

O3 and PAN

Which pollutant is responsible for acid rain

SO2

What gives rise to the greenhouse gas effect

absorption of infrared black body radiation from the earth at night

What are the three most important greenhouse gases

H2O, CO2, CH4

What are two distinguishing chemical characteristics of the dirty dozen pollutants

persistence and being bioaccumulative

What is the most prominent environmental problem associated with DDT

Thinning of shells in raptor eggs