AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n)

a. set point

b. drive

c. instinct

d. need

e. incentive

c. instinct

An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)

a. instinct

b. incentive

c. drive

d. set point

e. requirement

c. drive

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

a. instinct theory

b. drive-reduction theory

c. arousal theory

d. hierarchy of needs theory

e. evolutionary theory

b. drive-reduction theory

the role of learning in motivation is most obvious fromt he influence of

a. instincts

b. homeostasis

c. arousal

d. incentives

e. set pointsss

d. incentives

Shawn loves to snowboard. He enjoys performing aerial tricks after launching off high jumps. The higher in the air he goes and the farther he travels, the better. Which theory best explains Shawn's motivation to snowboard?

a. instinct

b. drive-reduction

c. incentive

d. optimum arousal

e. hierarchy of needs

d. optimum arousal

The idea that one should be alert but not overly aroused to perform best on a test is most closely related to which of the following?

a. homeostasis

b. instinct theory

c. incentives

d. a hierarchy of motives

e. the Yerkes-Dodson law

e. the Yerkes-Dodson law

According to Maslow, our need for

a. love must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for food

b. adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for self-esteem

c. religious fulfillment must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for adequate housing

d. self-actualization must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for friendship

e. political freedom must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for economic security

b. adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for self-esteem

Hunger controls are located within the brain's

a. hypothalamus

b. medulla

c. temporal lobe

d. amygdala

e. hippocampus

a. hypothalamus

Increases in __________ increase hunger, whereas increases in __________ decrease hunger.

a. orexin; blood glucose

b. blood glucose; ghrelin

c. ghrelin; orexin

d. obestatin; orexin

e. estrogen; testosterone

a. orexin; blood glucose

An explanation of motivation in terms of homeostasis is best illustrated by the concept of

a. instinct

b. set point

c. the refractory period

d. incentive

e. the hierarchy of needs

b. set point

While traveling in China, Nadine was offered chicken feet for lunch. Nadine's refusal of such an unfamiliar food reflects

a. unit bias

b. social facilitation

c. neophobia

d. drive reduction

e. homeostasis

c. neophobia

Research on the genetic and environmental influences on body weight revealed that

a. the weight of adoptive people correlates with that of their biological parents, not with that of their adoptive parents

b. the weight of fraternal twins reared together is more highly correlated than the weight of identical twins reared apart

c. obesity is somewhat more common among American upper-class women than among American lower-class women

d. weight resemblance is greater among identical twin men than among identical twin women

e. eating disorder rates are more similar between fraternal twins than between identical twins

a. the weight of adoptive people correlates with that of their biological parents, not with that of their adoptive parents

Mr. Langley emphasizes that premature sexual activity among high school students involves the interplay of alcohol consumption, mass media norms, and teens' underestimation of their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections. The teacher's emphasis best illustrates

a. the evolutionary perspective

b. the hierarchy of needs

c. a biopsychosocial approach

d. the sexual response cycle

e. the humanistic approach

c. a biopsychosocial approach

Some adults who were insecurely attached as children can use strategies to maintain their distance from others because they feel discomfort over getting close to others. This is known as

a. learned helplessness

b. insecure anxious attachment

c. insecure avoidant attachment

d. social distance

e. chain migration

c. insecure avoidant attachment

Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry... afraid because we tremble"?

a. Stanley Schachter

b. William James

c. Walter Cannon

d. Richard Lazarus

e. Charles Darwin

b. William James

Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event?

a. Cannon-Bard Theory

b. catharsis hypothesis

c. James-Lange theory

d. adaption-level phenonmenon

e. relative deprivation principle

c. James-Lange Theory

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the experience of an emotion

a. depends on the intensity of physiological arousal

b. can occur only after physiological arousal

c. occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal

d. precedes physiological arousal

e. is intensified or lessened by physiological arousal

c. occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal

Vaseem experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash. When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration, cabin pressure, and confined space, his fear of flying was greatly reduced. The reduction in Vaseem's fear is best understood in terms of the

a. James-Lange theory

b. two-factor theory

c. adaption-level principle

d. relative deprivation principle

e. catharsis hypothesis

b. two-factor theory

Which theory can best explain the results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person?

a. Cannon-Bard theory

b. two-factor theory

c. James-Lange theory

d. adaption-leveel theory

e. relative deprivation principle

b. two-factor theory

Evidence that visual input is rotted from the thalamus directly to the amygdala has been used to support the claim that

a. the cortex sends more neural projections to the amygdala than it receives back

b. emotion tends to distort our perceptions of the world

c. a visual stimulus always triggers a stronger emotional response than does an auditory stimulus

d. some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking

e. blind people must learn expressions of emotion

d. some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

a. acetylcholine

b. epinephrine

c. testossterone

d. insulin

e. dopamine

b. epinephrine

During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release __________ into the bloodstream.

a. insulin

b. acetylcholine

c. norephinephrine

d. glucose

e. testosterone

c. norephinephrine

When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system.

a. parasympathetic

b. sympathetic

c. central

d. somatic

e. cathartic

a. parasympathetic

Lilliam will be taking an entrance exam for law school this afternoon. She is likely to

a. do well on the exam if her physiological arousal is moderate

b. do poorly on the exam if her physiological arousal is moderate

c. do poorly on the exam if her physiological arousal is low

d. do well on the exam if her physiological arousal is very low

e. do well on the exam if her physiological arousal is very high

a. do well on the exam if her physiological arousal is moderate

The right prefrontal cortex is more active than the left prefrontal cortex when people experience

a. pride

b. joy

c. disgust

d. love

e. anger

c. disgust

The eyebrows raised and pulled together most clearly signal

a. fear

b. anger

c. disgust

d. happiness

e. surprise

a. fear

The facial expression associated with particular emotions are

a. learned in early childhood

b. different in Eastern and Western cultures

c. the same throughout the world

d. more similar in adults' than they are in children or adolescents

e. more similar in women than in men

c. the same throughout the world

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates the

a. evolutionary perspective

b. relative deprivation principle

c. Cannon-Bard theory

d. two-factor theory

e. adaption level principle

a. evolutionary perspective

When Laura acts happy, she experiences increased feelings of cheerfulness. This best illustrates

a. the adaption level phenomenon

b. the diminishing returns phenomenon

c. feel-good, do-good phenomenon

d. the behavior feedback phenomenon

e. the two-factor phenomenon

d. the behavior feedback phenomenon

Health psychologists are LEAST likely to focus attention on

a. the behavior that help to prevent illness

b. how emotions influence our risk of disease

c. the role of bacteria in producing illness

d. how our perceptions influence feelings of stress

e. immunization rates over time

c. the role of bacteria in producing illness

The fight-or-flight response is to __________ as the general adaption syndrome is to __________.

a. Walter Cannon; Meyer Friedman

b. Meyer Friedman; Hans Selye

c. Hans Selye; Walter Cannon

d. Walter Cannon; Hans Selye

e. Williams James; Walter Cannon

d. Walter Cannon; Hans Selye

Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as

a. the fight-or-flight response

b. the general adaption syndrome

c. the tend-and-befriend response

d. the adaption level phenomenon

e. the two-factor process

b. the general adaption syndrome

The three successive phrases of the general adaption syndrome are

a. attention, comprehension, and resistance

b. alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

c. adrenal release, cognitive appraisal, and stomach ulceration

d. reactive frustration, sympathetic arousal, and parasympathetic inhibition

e. arousal, emotion, and catharsis

b. alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

At which stage of the general adaption syndrome are you most likely to experience illness?

a. refractory

b. alarm

c. adjustment

d. resistance

e. exhaustion

e. exhaustion

Margo never enjoys spring break because at the end of every finals week she catches a bad cold. Margo is most likely in which stage of the general adaption syndrome?

a. adjustment

b. alarm

c. resistance

d. resolution

e. exhaustion

e. exhaustion

Who is the best example of Type A personality?

a. Mara, an irritable, impatient teacher

b. Rashida, a highly intelligent, introverted librarian

c. Wilma, a friendly, altruistic social worker

d. Charisse, a fun-loving, self-indulgent university student

e. Dave, a very successful race car driver

a. Mara, an irritable, impatient teacher

Who is the best example of a Type B personality?

a. Tammy, an ambitious, self-confident waitress

b. Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker

c. Tena, a time-conscious, competitive lawyer

d. Juanita, an impatient, pessimistic librarian

e. Ethel, the effective salesperson

b. Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker

Ten-year-old Vito tells his friend, "When you notice that your knees knock, your hands sweat, and your stomach is in knots, then you really get scared." This statement best illustrates the

a. Cannon-Bard theory

b. James-Lange theory

c. catharsis hypothesis

d. relative deprivation principle

e. adaption level principle

b. James-Lange theory

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the

a. James-lange theory

b. relative deprivation principle

c. two-factor theory

d. Cannon-Bard theory

e. catharsis hypothesis

d. Cannon-Bard Theory

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of __________ than does the James-Lange theory.

a. cognitive appraisal

b. subjective well-being

c. physiological arousal

d. catharsis

e. stress

a. cognitive appraisal

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by

a. relative deprivation principle

b. James-Lange theory

c. two-factor theory

d. catharsis hypothesis

e. adaption-level principle

c. two-factor theory

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the

a. relative deprivation principle

b. catharsis hypothesis

c. adaption level phenomenon

d. two-factor theory

e. well-being theory

d. two-factor theory

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the

a. hippocampus

b. hypothalamus

c. cerebellum

d. brainstem

e. amygdala

e. amygdala

Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the

a. thalamus

b. cortex

c. hypothalamus

d. cerebellum

e. hippocampus

b. cortex

The autonomic nervous system regulates the __________ that accompanies different emotions.

a. conscious experiences

b. expressive behaviors

c. physiological arousal

d. well-being

e. genetic reaction

c. physiological arousal

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

a. acetylcholine

b. epinephrine

c. testosterone

d. insulin

e. dopamine

b. epinephrine

Eva's boyfriend says he loves her, but she wants proof. To obtain the most trustworthy nonverbal signals of how he really feels, Eva should carefully observe

a. his general body posture when he stands near her

b. the way he holds her hand when they walk together

c. how close he stands to her when they are talking

d. his facial expressions when they spend time together

e. the way he positions his legs when he sits near her

d. his facial expressions when they spend time together

We find it especially difficult to detect from other people's facial expressions whether they are

a. afraid

b. angry

c. lying

d. disgusted

e. satisfied

c. lying

Compared with males, females are more likely to cry and report distress when observing someone in distress. This best illustrates

a. the adaption level phenomenon

b. the spillover effecct

c. relative deprivation

d. empathy

e. facial feedback

d. empathy

The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are

a. learned in early childhood

b. different in Eastern and Western cultures

c. the same throughout the world

d. more similar in adults than they are in children or adolescents

e. more similar in women than in men

c. the same throughout the world