Mr. Ellis Chapter 8: Creating a Republican Culture

What did republicanism mean for economic like in the early 1800s?

private property, market exchange, individual opportunity, activist governments

Throughout the nation (especially northeast) republican state legislatures embraced ? form of gov

neomercantilist

System of gov-assisted economic development, republican state legislatures

neomercantilist

America was a "nation of ?"

merchants

How did Astor become a millionaire?

fur trade, investing in NYC real estate

How did Oliver become a millionaire?

traded West Indian sugar and coffee

by 1805, BUS has branches in eight seaport cities, providing easy access to ?

capital

by 1805, BUS has branches in eight ?, providing easy access to capital

seaport cities

by 1805, ? has branches in eight seaport cities, providing easy access to capital

Bank of the United States

Why does the BUS charter lapse in 1811?

Jefferson is president

Before the revolution, farmers relied on ? for loans, and merchants arranged partnerships or obtained credit from ?

land banks, british suppliers

places where merchants can get easy credit/loans

BUS branches in seaport cities

What exposed how much the BUS was needed ?

war of 1812

What sprung up that were giving loans/currency without money to back it up?

sketchy, state supported banks

What did the sketchy, state supported banks do?

These banks issued banknotes rarely backed by specie, made loans to insiders, encouraged farmers to buy overpriced land through generous loans

What was the chain of events that caused the Panic of 1819?

1. drop in agricultural prices
2. farmers unable to pay debts owed to stores/ banks
3. these stores/banks go bankrupt

What did the Panic of 1819 show?

cycle of an unregulated market economy

? had been growing since 1790s as markets expand

rural manufacturing

How did merchants begin to make money? Example?

purchase of raw materials and sale of finished products; shipped rural manufactures to stores in seaport cities and peddlers sold them through the south

young women and boys working for wage instead of selling goods

wage labor

example of new technology in manufacturing?

water powered mills for production of cloths

Emergence of factories and wage labor makes communities more dependent on ?

larger markets

Emergence of ? and ? makes communities more dependent on larger markets

factories, wage labor

? begins with Industrialization

depersonalization

Some new England farmers switched from subsistence crops to ? This provided what?

livestock, jobs to process raw materials

How did industrialization alter the environment?

foul odor from stockyards/tanning pits, trees cut town by tanners/for livestock, textile milldams disturbed the fish

Farm families now rely on wage labor or market sales to purchase ?

the things they used to make for themselves

New ? allow products to get to market quicker and cheaper

transportation systems

states giving aid to private businesses whose projects would benefit general welfare

Commonwealth system

MA legislature granted charters to over 100 private turnpike corporations; Charters gave companies special ? and often included ? to a transportation route

legal status, monopoly rights

? built a toll road to Philadelphia, which boosted regional economy

Lancaster Turnpike Company

Farmers settled near ? and its many tributaries to easily get goods to market

Ohio River

Legislative charters for banks, turnpikes, and canal companies reflect idea of ?

mercantilism

laws of "?" created to increase the common wealth

great public utility

laws "of great public utility" usually took the form of what?

special charters that granted legal privilege

allowed turnpike, bridge, and canal corporations to force sale of privately owned land along their routes

privileges like power of eminent domain

Privileges like power of eminent domain allowed turnpike, bridge, and canal corporations do to what?

force sale of privately owned land along their routes

deprived farmers of their traditional common-law right to stop the flooding and forced them to accept "fair compensation" for their lost acreage

Mill Dam Act of 1795

What did critics of the legal privileges given to private enterprises say? (2)

they violated the equal rights of citizens, infringed on the sovereignty of the governments

After independence many Americans in the north embraced a ? that celebrated political equality and social mobility

democratic republicanism

After independence many Americans in the north embraced a democratic republicanism that celebrated ?

political equality, social mobility

Absence of hereditary aristocracy encouraged americans to condemn inherited ? and support ?

social privilege, legal equality

What does it mean to expand democracy?

expand the amount of people who can vote

Between 1800-1830, major expansion of voting rights for ?, corresponds with an elimination of already limited voting rights for ? and ?

landless white males, women and free blacks

? begin to replace arranged, contractual marriages

love-based marriages

celebrated the importance of feeling- in literary works, theatre, preaching; contributed to increase of love-based marriages

Sentimentalism

Compassionate marriages praised by ?

magazines

Why did parents have less control over their children and who they married?

less resources to give

Fathers often placed daughters' inheritance in a ?

legal trust

Love marriages conformed more closely to ? principles than arranged marriage, giving husband and wife "?"

republican, "true equality"

Legal grounds for divorce ?

expanded

as birthrate declines after 1800 through demographic transition, many call for loyal ? to raise virtuous and republican children

republican mothers

as birthrate ? after 1800 through ? , many call for loyal "republican mothers" to raise virtuous and republican children

declines, demographic transition

as birthrate declines after 1800 through demographic transition, many call for loyal "republican mothers" to raise ?
? and ? children

virtuous, republican

What was not the job of a republican mother?

vote or serve on juries

What were the causes of the decline in birth rate?

young men migrated to trans-Appalachian west-women didn't/married later; size of families deliberately limited to give larger inheritance and women's individualism

What inheritance tradition ended? What replaced it?

primogeniture, equal

fought war for independence, need to give children independence and make them appreciate their liberty

Permissive Parenting

extremely strict, because we are a new experiment and there is temptation to become a monarchy, we need to stop our kids from moving towards sin

authoritarian parenting

Explain the thought behind Permissive parenting.

just fought war for independence, so need to give children their own independence to make them appreciate their liberty

Explain the thought behind authoritarian parenting.

very strict, bc America is an experiment and there is temptation to become a monarchy; need to stop kids from moving towards sin

Who were Permissive parents?

Middle class, more southern view

Who were authoritarian parents?

Yeomen, tenant farmers influenced by second great awakening, more northern view

Although republican ideology encouraged ?, it isn't widespread

education

To ordinary citizens, whose teenagers had to work in the fields, secondary and college edu seemed like ?

elitism

? and ? proposed schemes for a comprehensive system of primary and secondary schooling , followed by college for bright young men

Rush, Jefferson

Farmers, artisans, and laborers wanted elementary schools that would instruct in ? so that they can read the ?

the 3 Rs, bible

Which area had more publically supported schools?

New England

celebrated language as a marker of national identity by defining words according to American usage

Webster's Dissertation on the English Language

Despite Webster's efforts, a ? developed slowly

republican literary culture

? wrote novels popular in america and abroad

Washington Irving

freed black loyalists settled in ? or ?

Canada, Sierra Leone

allowed owners to free their slaves (VA legislature)

Manumission Act of 1782

During the Revolutionary War, free blacks and slaves ? in return for freedom or to raise social status.

joined the military

Manumission (free slaves) becomes "trendy" after the Revolution for both ? reasons and an embrace of ?
philosophy

religious, Enlightenment

These religions initially advocated slave emancipation (3)

Quaker, Baptist, Methodist

Enlightenment philosophy challenged belief among whites that Africans were ?

inherently inferior to Europeans

According to Locke, ideas were not ? but stemmed from a person's ? in the world

innate, experiences

Northern states gradually abolish slavery, with ? being the last in 1804

New Jersey

Laws recognize white property rights by requiring slaves to do what?

buy freedom by years of additional labor

When free, African Americans faced what?

severe prejudice from whites

What impacted George Washington's mind on slavery?

slaves fought in the revolutionary war

tobacco in the ? is replaced by ?, ?, ? in the Lower South

Upper South, cotton, sugar, rice

Some ? , moved by evangelical religion or oversupply of workers, manumitted their slaves or allowed them to buy their freedom by working as artisans or laborers

Chesapeake tobacco planters

removes seeds from cotton, instead if by hand, leads to explosion in cotton production

Cotton gin

Slave owners petition the VA legislature for the repeal of ?

the manumission act

SC, Georgia ? growing, reopened ?

rice, Atlantic Slave Trade

Laws regarding slavery become stricter ("necessary evil") to protect ? and prevent ?

economic prosperity, slave revolts

US- main exporter of ? to world

cotton

idea that whites are intellectually, biologically, etc. superior to African Americans

"master race"

explain the idea of the "master race" (2)

idea that whites are intellectually and biologically superior to African Americans; in order to be free there must be an enslaved population

Another term for "master race"

Herrenvolk republic

What was the "master race" idea in response to?

uprising planned by Gabriel Prosser

Is the North still benefiting from slavery?

yes

How do Europeans describe Northerners?

fanatics, well educated, hard workers

How do Europeans describe southerners?

lazy, poor, corrupted by slavery

What does slavery do to those in the south?

perverts the idea of labor, they do nothing while everything around them crumbles

Who could read and write in the north?

nearly all native born people

In south, ? hire tutors for own children, but don't do anything to get edu for other children

wealthy planters

Congress can't interfere with ?/? within states

emancipation/treatment of slaves