Exam 1 Terms

anatomy

the study of the structure of an organism

bones

protects organs and soft tissues

joints

allows unions of bones with other bones

a fibrous joint is a

fixed joint

what are the 2 types of fibrous joints (most immobile joint)

• sydnemoses: joints bound by fibrous ligaments with little movement

• sutures: joints between the bones of the skull that don’t move

cartilaginous joints

joints in which cartilage provides union between two bones

synovial joint (most mobile)

lubricating synovial fluid is contained within an articular called

physiology

the study of the function of the living organism and its parts

ligaments

refers to binding connective tissue fibers

what are the 2 types of ligaments

visceral and skeletal

visceral ligament

binds organs or structure in place

skeletal ligaments

typically binds bone to bone

tendons

attach bone to cartilage

thorax

chest region

abdomen

holds the abdominal muscles

what makes up the trunk

thorax+abdomen

dorsal trunk

back

pelvis

area of hip bone

caput

the head

anatomical position

the body is erected and the palms, arms and hands face forward

axial skeleton

head and trunk; spinal column is the axis

appendicular skeleton

lower and upper limbs

neuraxis

axis of the brain

planes of reference

imaginary axes of the body

frontal view

divide the body into front and back sections

midsaggital view

if you were to cut the body right down the middle into left and right halves

saggital

any cut that divides the body into left and right portions

transverse

upper and lower halves of the body

frontal section

results in front and back sections of the body

anterior

refers to front surface of the body

posterieral

back of body

rostral

toward the head

peripheral

away from center

superficial

confined to surface

deep

closer to axis of the body

distal

further from attached end

medial

toward the midline

superior

above

inferior

below

prone

on the belly

supine

on the back

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to the attached end

flexion

bending of a joint

extension

pulling two ends farther apart

hyperextension

over extending

plantar

sole of foot

plantar flexion

rise on toes

plantar grasp reflex

stimulation of the sole of foot causes feet to grasp

dorsiflexion

to elevate upper surface of the foot

inversion

turning foot inward

eversion

turning foot outward

palmar

palm of hand

pronated

palm is facing downward

supination

palm is facing upward

palmar grasp reflex

stimulating hand to cause fingers to grasp

lateral

same side

ipsilateral

opposite side

descriptive anatomy MUSCULAR SYSTEM

muscles

descriptive anatomy systems

• muscular: muscles

• digestive; oral cavity, pharynx

• respiratory system; airway, lungs, oral, nasal

• skeletal system; bones, cartilage

• reproductive

• nervous system; brain

physical systems of communication

(RPANA)

• Respiratory

• phonatory

• articulatory

• nervous

• auditory

anatomy

the study of structure of organisms

physiology

the science of dealing with function of living organisms

histology

the study of cell tissue

clinical anatomy

anatomy related to pathological entity

comparative anatomy

studies interspersed comparisons

embryology (developmental anatomy)

anatomy from conception period to birth

descriptive anatomy

related to the systems of the body

a system is

a group of organ that function together for some purpose

caudal

toward the tail

aponeurosis

sheet like tendon

articulation

point of union between 2 structures

belly

fleshy portion of muscle

body

major portion of structure

bone

hardest connective tissue

cartilage

connective tissue embedded in matrix

fascia

fibrous tissue encasing muscle

foramen

opening

head

proximal portion of bone

insertion

portion of muscle that is relatively mobile

origin

portion of muscle that is immobile

joint

articulation

ligamant

fibrous connective tissue

muscle

contractile tissue

organ

tissues with functional unity

process

prominence from bone

sheath

covering

suture

immobile articulation

symphysis

immobile articulations fused in early development

tendon

connective tissue attaching muscle to bone/cartilage

tissue

cells with same functional unity

4 types of tissues

• epithelial: skin

• connective: bone

• muscular: heart

• nervous:neuron

fast twitch muscle fiber

• contract quickly

• are for fine movement

• fatigue easy

slow twitch muscle fibers

• larger movements

• more force

• move more slowly

muscles one job is to

contract

contraction brings

2 points closer together

longer muscles can contract

farther than shorter muscles

muscles with more fibers can

exert more force of contraction

agonist (Prime Mover):

The main muscle that contracts to produce a specific action (like biceps in elbow flexion)

antagonist:

The muscle that opposes the agonist's action, relaxing and lengthening to allow movement