SA abdomen, gastroinestinal tract, perineum

what is the most important layer of the stomach wall

submucosa

* is the layer of strength
* holding layer
* if you dont open it up you dont need to suture it
* if you open you have to suture it together

what influences the gastric axis

liver size

what happens if the liver is small

the stomach goes to the left

what happens if the liver is too big

the stomach shifts to the right

what view are we looking at

left lateral view

* dog is laying on their left side so the right side will be higher
* fluid in fundus
* gas in pylorus (higher up because its on the right side)

what side is the spleen on

left side

is this left or right lateral view

right lateral view

* laying on their right side
* gas in fundus (higher up because its on the left side)
* fluid in pylorus

when does gas rise

it rises to the highest point

CASE

* 7yr old FS Great dane
* retching in the back yard
* weak and collapsed
* bloated abdomen
* poor pulses in rear limbs
* shocky

GDV

gastric dilation-volvulus

what does retching mean

* trying to vomit but it cant

describe GDV gastric dilatation volvulus

* always does a clockwise rotation
* pyloris starts to move left dorsal
* the stomach tissue starts to die from severe bloating and gas can not escape

what is going on in the xray

gdv

what does the greater omentum do

its an organ

its the policemen of the abdomen

if there is a problem greater omentum will go to the spot

can drain certain areas

finds problems like tumors and sticks to it

what happens to the gastric vessels when theres a GDV

* gastrosplenic ligament causes stomach to drag the spleen as it twists
* short gastric vessels can rupture and bleed
* blood supply to spleen and greater curvature of the stomach can become compromised

describe gastroplexy

suture the serosa and muscularis of the pyloric antrum to the right side of the body wall

* submucosa and mucosa are not incised

describe the anatomy of the liver

* 6 lobes
* 3 divisions
* left
* central
* right

what divides the liver between right medial and quadrate lobes

gallbladder

which is the biggest liver lobe

left lateral lobe

responsibilites of the celiac-hepatic artery

* 20% of blood flow
* 80% of the oxygenated blood supply

responsibilites for the portal vein

* 80% of blood flow
* 20% of the oxygenated blood supply

what drains into the portal system

* pancreas
* spleen
* gi tract

what does the liver do

* metabolize
* detoxify

are there branches to the vena cava in front of the kidneys

no

what is part of the extrahepatic biliary system

* gallbladder
* stores bile
* cystic duct
* hepatic duct
* comes from the liver and biles go through
* common bile duct
* duodenal papilla
* also called sphincter of oddi
* terminal portion of the common bile duct

CASE

* 1yr F Yorkie
* runt of the litter
* becomes lethargic
* stares at walls after eating
* had a seizure a week ago
* acts drunk
* eats and falls over

portosystemic shunt

* liver isn’t used to the amount of blood flow and go into shock and die if too fast
* you have to slowly shunt it down
* common in toy breed dogs
* yorkies
* maltese
* min schnauzers
* low protein diet

what are the different shunts in a portosystemic shunt

* an extra vessel
* blood doesn’t pass through the portal system
* portal to caval shunt
* toxic materials into systemic materials

whats important about the duodenocolic ligament

* makes it a consistent shape
* holds the descending duodemun to the dorsal body wall right side
* easy to resect and mobilize the duodenum

describe the blood supply of the duodenum

* tied to the pancreas
* not forgiving
* segmental blood supply
* cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal
* difficult to resect duodenum

is the jejunum held down by anything

no

it is very loose

has mesentery that has several blood supply that is forgiving archietict

how can you tell the difference between ileum and jejunum

ileum is very shorts and it has a antimesentric vessel that sits on the top

it also terminates at the ileocecocolic junction

describe the colon

* it has segmental blood supply compared to the small intestine
* not very forgiving
* if you resect you have to take from small branches not the big ones

where are the anal sacs located

in between internal and external anal sphincter

CASE

* 6yr MN yorkie
* scooting frequently
* odor around rectum
* enlarged anal sacs

anal gland abscess

* if its happens often you can take out the anal glands

CASE

* 5 yr old male boxer
* straining to defecate
* produces ribbon like stools
* bilateral perineal hernia

* perineal hernia
* pelvic muscles have weakened and ruptured
* his abdominal structures are moving to the back
* pelvic diaphragm reduces pressure to defecate

what are the three muscles that hold the pelvic diaphragm in place and form a pelvic wall

\
external anal spincter

levator ani

coccygeus muscle

\

what are the arteries and innervation in the perineal

* caudal rectal nerve and artery
* pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery

what are some major concerns with herniation

* urinary bladder retroflexion
* small intestinal loop strangulation
* loose pelvic diaphragm
* happens with presence of androgen weakens these muscles

how to fix herinas

* internal obturator muscle transposition
* restructer the pelvic diaphragm
* neuter them
* females not so common but it will be if they have given birth multiple times

describe what forms the inguinal canal

* external abdominal oblique- external ring cranial border


* internal abdominal oblique- internal ring cranial border
* rectus abdominus- medially
* connective tissue
* vaginal process- spermatic cord in males
* external pudenal artery and vein
* genitofemoral nerve
* cremaster muscle (males)
* round ligament (females)
* inguinal ligament- laterally

\

what hernia doesnt have a hernia sac

traumatic hernias

describe umbilical hernia

* cogenital/ typically inherited
* failure of fusion of the rectus abdominis muscle at the umbilicus
* usually falciform fat herniates through
* if large enough intestine can herniate

what is inside the inguinal canal

* connective tissue
* vaginal process- spermatic cord in males
* external pudenal artery and vein
* genitofemoral nerve
* cremaster muscle (males)
* round ligament (females)