Chapter 4- Body Issues: Physical Growth and Health-Related Behaviours

Hypothalamus

produces gonadotropin controlling the secretion of hormones LH and FSH by the pituitary

Pituitary Gland

produces human growth hormone (HGH)

Gonadotropic hormones

hormones that influence the gonads, or sex glands

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

a hormone that triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of sex hormones

Gonads

sex glands that secrete sex hormones

Estrogens

hormones secreted from the ovaries, found in both genders

Progesterone

hormone that controls the length of the menstrual cycle, secreted from the corpus luteum in the ovaries

Androgens

hormones produced by the testes

Adrenal Glands

glands located above the kidneys that produce small amounts of androgens and estrogens

Spermatogenesis

the process by which sperm are developed

Vas Deferens

tubes running from the epididymis

Epididymis

a system of ducts in which sperm mature and are stored

Seminal Vesicles

twin glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens to enhance sperm viability

Prostate Gland

gland that makes sperm more mobile by adding seminal fluid

Cowper’s Glands

glands that secrete alkaline fluid that lubricates and neutralises the acidity of the urethra

Uterus

a hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ shaped like a pear

Follicle eggs

eggs that ripen every 28 days for about 40 years

Fallopian tubes

tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus

Menarche

the onset of menstruation, beginning at about age 12

Menstrual cycle

a cycle lasting 20 to 45 days, averaging about 28 days

Menstrual phase

begins with the first day of menstrual bleeding

Follicular phase

phase right after menstruation until a follicle ripens and an egg matures

Ovulatory phase

shortest phase of the menstrual cycle, where a mature ovum erupts from its follicle

Luteal phase

phase right after ovulation until the beginning of the next menstrual cycle

Dysmenorrhea

painful or difficult menstruation

Menhorragia

excessive bleeding during menstruation

Amenorrhea

absence of flow during menstruation

Metrorrhagia

bleeding from the uterus at times other than during menstruation

Secondary sexual characteristics

features that differentiate male and female bodies

Breast development stages

prepubertal stage, bud stage, primary stage, mature stage, adult stage

Prepubertal stage

there is a flat appearance to the breasts

Bud stage

elevation, enlargement, and pigmentation of the nipple and surrounding areola begin

Primary stage

areola projects in a mound above the level of the chest wall

Mature stage

mammary gland tissue develops, producing larger, rounder breasts

Determinants of Height

heredity, nutrition, age at sexual maturation

Body Types

ectomorph, endomorph, mesomorph

Ectomorph

tall, long, thin, and narrow build

Endomorph

soft, round, thick build

Mesomorph

square, strong, muscular bodies

Factors affecting adolescent health decisions

knowledge, rational-thinking skills, parental behaviour, and peer pressure

Contributors to Being Overweight

genetics, eating patterns, lack of exercise, environmental influences

Merocrine sweat glands

over most skin surfaces

Apocrine sweat glands

by armpit, mammary, genital, and anal regions

Sebaceous glands

oil-producing glands of the skin