Chapter 4- Body Issues: Physical Growth and Health-Related Behaviours
The Hypothalamus- produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH, which controls the secretion of the hormones LH and FSH by the pituitary.
The Pituitary Gland- Human growth hormone (HGH)
Gonadotropic hormones- influence the gonads, or sex glands.
Follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH.
The Gonads- sex glands secrete sex hormones.
Estrogens- secreted from ovaries. Found in both genders
Progesterone- controls the length of the menstrual cycle. Secreted from the corpus luteum in the ovaries
Androgens- produced by testes.
The Adrenal Glands- produces small amounts of both androgens and estrogens. Located just above the kidneys.
Spermatogenesis- the process by which sperm are developed
Vas Deferens- the tubes running from the epididymis
Epididymis- a system of ducts in which sperm mature and are stored
Seminal Vesicles- twin glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens to enhance sperm viability.
Prostate Gland- within the sperm are made more mobile by the addition of seminal fluid.
The Cowper’s Glands- Secrete alkaline fluid that lubricates and neutralizers the acidity of the urethra for easy and safe passage of the semen.
Uterus- a hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ shaped like a pear, about 3 inches long, 2½ inches at the top, and narrowing to a diameter of 1 inch at the cervix.
Follicle eggs- ripens every 28 days for a period of about 40 years.
The fallopian tubes- transport the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.
Menarche- the onset of menstruation)- begins at about age 12.
The menstrual cycle- 20 to 45 days, averaging about 28 days.
The menstrual cycle phases- the menstrual phase, the follicular phase, the ovulatory phase, and the luteal phase.
The menstrual phase- begins with the first day of menstrual bleeding, estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH levels are all at minimums.
The follicular phase- right after menstruation until a follicle ripens and an egg matures.
The ovulatory phase (shortest of the cycle)- A mature ovum erupts from its follicle and pas
The luteal phase- right after ovulation and goes until the beginning of the next menstrual cycle.
Dysmenorrhea- painful or difficult menstruations
Menhorragia- excessive bleeding during menstruation
Amenorrhea- absence of flow during menstruation.
Metrorrhagia- bleeding from the uterus at times other than during a menstruation.
Secondary sexual characteristics- features that differentiate male and female bodies.
Breast development stages- prepubertal stage, bud stage, primary stage, mature stage, adult stage
Prepubertal stage- There is a flat appearance to the breasts.
Bud stage- Elevation, enlargement, and pigmentation of the nipple and surrounding areola begin.
Primary stage- areola projects in a mound above the level of the chest wall.
Mature stage: mammary gland tissue develops, producing larger, rounder breasts.
Adult stage- development is complete.
Determinants of Height- heredity, nutrition, age at sexual maturation, total process of growth is speeding up.
Body Types- ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph.
Ectomorphs- tall, long, thin and narrow, with a slender, bony, lanky build.
Endomorphs-soft, round, thick, heavy trunks and limbs and a wrestler-type build.
Mesomorphs- square, strong, well-muscled bodies, with medium-length limbs and wide shoulders.
Factors that affect adolescent health decisions- knowledge, rational-thinking skills, parents’ behavior, resources available, peer pressure, societal values
Contributors to Being Overweight- genetics, motivation to eat, eating patterns, food preferences, lack of exercise, interpersonal interactions and being overweight, environmental influences, broader social influences
Skin glands that can cause problems: Merocrine sweat glands, Apocrine sweat glands, Sebaceous glands
Merocrine sweat glands, distributed over most of the skin surfaces of the body.
Apocrine sweat glands, located in the armpit, mammary, genital, and anal regions.
Sebaceous glands, which are the oil-producing glands of the skin.