Anatomy- Chapter 1: Intro to Human Anatomy and Phisiology

What is Anatomy?

The structure of the body and it's parts
What are things called?

What is Physiology?

The function of body parts

How do they work?

How are anatomy and physiology correlated?

FORM = FUNCTION

The functional role of a body part depends on how it is constructed

What is the focus of anatomists?

Dissections and observation

What is the focus of physiologists?

Experimentation

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment


Homeostasis is regulated through control systems which have receptors

What are examples of homeostasis?

Body Temperature
Sugar, Blood Sugar Level

What does every individual use homeostatic mechanisms for?

to keep body levels within normal range (normal range varies with the person)

Levels of organization of the body (order)

atom -> molecule-> macromolecule-> ORGANELLE-> CELL-> TISSUE-> organ -> organ system-> organism (human)

Levels of organization

1.) atoms are the simplest level
2.) 2+ atoms make a molecule
3.) Macromolecules are large (MACRO)
- Biologically important molecules inside cells
4.) organelles -> aggregates (total/accumulate/gather tg) of macromolecules
- used to carry out specific functions in the cell
5.) Cells -> basic living unit
6.) tissues - GROUPS OF CELLS FUNCTIONING TG
7.) groups of tissues form organs
8/) groups of organs functioning together form organ systems
organ systems functioning tg make up an organism

What are the major features of the human body?

CAVITIES, MEMEBRANES, AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

What is appendicular portion?

upper and lower limbs

What is the axial portion of the body?

head, neck, trunk

What is viscera?

organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

What is the dorsal cavity?

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

What is the ventral cavity?

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

What is the thoracic cavity?

lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

abdominal and pelvic cavities

What is the mediastinum?

structure separating the right and left thoracic cavities

space between the lungs

What are the smaller cavities within the head?

oral
nasal
orbital
MIDDLE EAR

Thoracic(cavity)

chest cavity

The thoracic cavity is lined with pleura
Parietal pleura lines the cavity while the visceral pleura covers the lungs
- thin layers of serous fluid separates the 2 layers

pleura

membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the walls of the pleural cavities

What is the heart surrounded by?

the pericardium

The visceral pericardium covers the heart and the parietal pericardium makes up an outer sac
- serous fluids separate the 2 layers

What lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

peritoneum (serous membrane)

The parietal peritoneum lines the wall while the visceral peritoneum covers the organs

What is a visceral membrane?

Membrane that covers the organs in the cavities

on the surface

What is a parietal membrane?

A membrane that is farther away from the organ, but lines the cavity.

What is a cavity?

any fluid-filled space within the body

Space between membranes with serous fluid

What is serous fluid?

It is a fluid within the pleural space that acts as a lubricant to reduce friction during the breathing process.

A watery lubricative fluid

What is the pleural?

lungs

What is the pericardial?

heart

What is the peritoneal?

Abdominal organs

What is the visceral pleural membrane?

The membrane on the surface of the lung

What is the parietal pleural membrane?

Membrane on the OUTSIDE of the lung

What is the integumentary system composed of?

skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails

What does the integumentary system do?

protects the body as a whole from the external environment

covers the body, senses changes outside of the body, and helps the body to regulate temperature

What is the skeletal system composed of?

bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments

What does the skeletal system do?

supports and protects tissues, stores calcium and minerals, forms blood cells

What is the muscular system composed of?

muscles and tendons

What does the muscular system do?

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

What does the nervous system consist of?

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

What does the nervous system do?

controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli

What does the endocrine system consist of?

glands that secrete hormones

What does the endocrine system do?

Assists the nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation

Helps to integrate metabolic functions

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

heart, blood vessels, blood

What does the cardiovascular system do?

via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph a clear fluid rich in antibodies), the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils.

What does the lymphatic system do?

1. removes excess fluids and waste products from the body's tissues
2. helps the immune system fight infection

What does the digestive system consist of?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

What does the digestive system do?

takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

What does the respiratory system consist of?

lungs and air passages

What does the respiratory system do?

Supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide waste

What does the urinary system consist of?

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

What does the urinary system do?

It eliminates metabolic waste from the body, maintains appropriate levels of water; regulates the acid base balance (pH), blood pressure, and red blood cell production

What does the reproductive system do?

produces offspring/new organisms

What does the male reproductive system consist of?

testes, accessory organs, and vessels that conduct sperm to the penis

What does the female reproductive system consist of?

Ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, and external genetalia

also houses developing offspring