Homeostasis

Fibrous connective tissue

________: is found in tendons and ligaments.

Heat regulation

________ in mammals often involves the integumentary system: skin, hair, and nails.

Integrator

________: compares signals from the sensor to set point.

Thermoregulation

________ is controlled by a region of the brain called the hypothalamus.

Excretion

________: strategies for the elimination of waste products of protein catabolism.

Nervous tissue

________: initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animals body to another.

Animals

________ may regulate some environmental variables while conforming to others.

Bone

________: mineralized and forms the skeleton.

Conformer

________: allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.

Feedforward regulation

________: animals body begins preparing for a change in some variable before it occurs.

Endothermy

________ is more energetically expensive than ectothermy.

animal interacts

Size and shape affect the way a(n) ________ with its environment.

Effector

________: compensates for deviations between actual value and set point.

Positive feedback

________: reinforces the direction of change.

Feedback control

________: maintains the internal environment in many animals.

Ligaments

________: connect bones at joints.

Adipose tissue

________: stores fat for insulation and fuel.

Osmoregulation

________: adaptation to the osmotic environment.

Fever

________ is the result of a change to the set point for a biological thermostat.

Regulator

________: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation.

Nervous system

________: transmits information between specific locations.

Hormones

________ are relatively slow acting, but can have long- lasting effects.

Cartilage

________: a strong and flexible support material.

Negative feedback

________: the variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction.

Acclimatization

________: homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment.

body temperature

Ex: Decrease in ________ leads to responses that increase ________.

Insulation

________= skin, fur, feathers, blubber.

Nerve impulses

________ can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells.

Tendons

________: attach muscles to bones.

Tissues

________ are classified into four main categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

internal temperature

In general, ectotherms tolerate greater variation in ________, while endotherms are active at a greater range of external temperatures.

movement of material

In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with interstitial fluid, which allows for the ________ into and out of cells.

heat loss

The hypothalamus triggers ________ or heat generating mechanisms.

Endocrine system

________: transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood.

Epithelial tissue

________: covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body.

Rate of exchange

________ is proportional to a cells surface area while amount of exchange material is proportional to a cells volume.

Thermoregulation

________: adaptation to the thermal environment.

hormone

A(n) ________ may affect one or more regions throughout the body.

Thermoregulation

________: the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

Tissues are classified into four main categories

 epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Epithelial tissue

covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

Nervous tissue

initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animals body to another

Neuron

single nerve cell

Loose connective tissue

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

Cartilage

a strong and flexible support material

Fibrous connective tissue

is found in tendons and ligaments

Tendons

attach muscles to bones

Ligaments

connect bones at joints

Adipose tissue

stores fat for insulation and fuel

Blood

composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma

Bone

mineralized and forms the skeleton

Endocrine system

transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood

Nervous system

transmits information between specific locations

Feedback control

maintains the internal environment in many animals

Regulator

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

Conformer

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Set point

normal value for controlled variable

Sensor

monitors particular variable

Integrator

compares signals from the sensor to set point

Effector

compensates for deviations between actual value and set point

Example

body temperature in mammals

Acclimatization

homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment

Thermoregulation

adaptation to the thermal environment

Osmoregulation

adaptation to the osmotic environment

Excretion

strategies for the elimination of waste products of protein catabolism

Thermoregulation

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Endothermic animals

generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals are endotherms

Ectothermic animals

gain heat from external sources ectotherms include most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles

Heat regulation in mammals often involves the integumentary system

skin, hair, and nails

Negative feedback

the variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction

ex

Decrease in body temperature leads to responses that increase body temperature

Positive feedback

reinforces the direction of change

ex

Birth in mammals

Feedforward regulation

animals body begins preparing for a change in some variable before it occurs