APUSH Period 2 (1607-1754)

kill me now actually i've spent like 4 hours on JUST THIS crap

Joint Stock Companies (1606)

i.e. Virginia Company. Business organizations that pooled investors' money to fund the establishment of colonies in America. They were granted charters by the British government, but were funded by private investors (British got involved in the colonization of the New World but minimized economic risk to the crown)

Three types of colonies

Corporate, royal, proprietary

Corporate colonies

Operated by joint-stock companies (i.e. Jamestown)

Royal colonies

Under direct control of the king (i.e. Virginia after 1624)

Proprietary colonies

Under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king (i.e. Maryland, Pennsylvania)

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English colony in America. Barely survived first 5 years - Disease because of location, "Starving Time" of 1609-10 saw 80% of the settlers die. Tobacco helped

Slavery (1619)

First slaves arrived in Jamestown. At first they weren't slaves for life, and early colonists couldn't afford them. But late 1600s: increase of slavery and laws discriminating against them, making them slaves for life

Headright system (1618)

To try to attract immigrants, Virginia offered land to anyone who paid for their own passage or any plantation owner paying for an immigrant's passage

Indentured servants (1607)

Young British people who agreed to work 4-7 years for room and board. Free when done. Temporary laborers

House of Burgesses (1619)

The first representative assembly in America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia

Mercantilism

An economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country by exporting raw materials and importing finished goods

Chesapeake colonies (1632)

King Charles I divided VA and created MD. MD became the first proprietary colony with a goal of becoming a safe haven for Catholics. Protestants revolted (late 1600s) against a catholic proprietor, allowing more religious diversity among Protestant sects in MD

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

First written constitution in US history. Established a representative government with an elected legislature and government

New England Confederation (1643)

A military alliance formed by Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven to act on threats like border disputes, Natives, and runaway servants. Established a precedent for colonies seeking unified action toward a common goal

Act of Toleration (1649)

Granted religious freedom to all Christians, but killed anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

Acts of Trade and Navigation (1651)

Regulated Colonial trade. Trade to/from colonies run only by the English, all goods for the colonies had to go through an English port, some goods (ex. tobacco) could only be exported to England.

Good/Bad: New England shipbuilding prospered, but manufactured goods were very expensive. British/colonial relations damaged. Colonists defied the acts by smuggling in French/Dutch goods. Restrictions on colonial trade were widely resented and resisted.

Restoration (1660)

Restored power to the English Monarch (Charles II) after brief Puritan rule (Oliver Cromwell)

South Carolina

At first based on trading fur/growing food for West Indies, then large rice plantations with slaves

North Carolina

Small tobacco farms, bad transportation. Fewer large plantation/less reliance on slavery. Democratic views/autonomy from British control.

New York

Future King James took control of the Dutch colony, ordering new taxes without representation. But settlers protested, and in 1683, he allowed broad civil and political rights.

New Jersey

To attract settlers: generous land offers, religious freedom/assembly. Various groups of Quakers. Changing land titles/inaccurate property lines made confusion, so the crown combined Western NJ and Eastern NJ into NJ in 1702

Pennsylvania and Delaware

Originally settled by Quakers, who believed in equality of sexes, non-violence, resistance to military service, and that religious authority was found in the soul. Their views challenged authority, so they were persecuted and jailed in England.

William Penn

Georgia (1732, last colony)

Only colony directly funded by the London government. Defense buffer to protect South Carolina plantations from Spanish Florida, so constant threat of Spanish attack. Strict regulations... colony did not prosper at first. 1752 - restrictions dropped, takes on plantations like SC, slow growth

Increased demand for slaves (1660s)

There was reduced migration to the colonies (bc better wages in England) and they needed a dependable workforce and many hands. Cheap labor was important because of low tobacco prices due to overproduction

Slave laws (1660s)

Laws passed in the colonies to keep African Americans in bondage for life. Racism/slavery integral to colonial society

Free Africans

African people who gained freedom in the colonies, either through manumission or escape

Triangular trade (16th-19th century)

Three way system of trade: Ship from New England transports rum to West Africa and trades it for slaves. Then the ship goes to the West Indies and trades the slaves for sugarcane. Last, the ship goes back to New England, where sugarcane is turned into rum.

Halfway covenant (1662)

A Puritan policy in New Hampshire allowing people to become partial church members without converting (to maintain church's influence/membership). Over time, less strict Puritan practices

King Philip's War (1675-1676)

Metacom united many tribes in New England against settlers. Thousands on both sides killed, towns burned. It ended with a victory of the colonists, killing Metacom and ending most Native resistance to New England

Bacon's rebellion (1676)

Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley because he didn't protect farmers from Native attacks. Bacon's army defeated government forces and burned Jamestown. Bacon died, army collapsed, and the rest were killed/suppressed by Berkeley

Protestant revolt (late 1600s)

Protestants revolted against a catholic proprietor, brief civil war. Protestants won and Act of Toleration repealed, stripping Catholics from the right to vote

New England Confederation failure (1684)

Colonial rivalries and renewed English control brought it to an end

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

An uprising of Pueblo Native Americans against Spanish colonizers in New Mexico which the Pueblo won. It drove Spaniards out of Mexico for 12 years

Enlightenment (1685)

An intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe that influenced colonial America, promoting reason, science, and individual rights

Population growth (1701-1775)

High birthrate and high immigration. European immigrants (England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, France, Germany) wished to escape religious persecution/war and sought economic opportunity, mostly settled in middle colonies. Africans made up most of the population growth because slave trade

First Great Awakening (1730s/1740s)

A Christian religious revival movement in the American colonies that emphasized personal conversion and faith

British West Indies

British colonies in the Caribbean, including Jamaica and Barbados, which played a significant role in the Atlantic slave trade and the colonial economy.

Protestant Evangelicalism

A religious movement in colonial America that emphasized personal conversion, faith, and the importance of spreading the Christian message

Anglicization (late 17th - mid 18th century)

Adopting English language, culture, and political systems, encouraged in the colonies

Government (1775)

Each colony had a representative assembly elected by voters (white male property owners). Different religions, some stricter than others. Class system based on economics, wealthy land owners on top

Economy (1760s)

Half of British trade was with the colonies. Restrictions, US based on agriculture. New England had logging, ship-building, fish, trade, rum. Middle/Southern colonies had farming