AP US History Ultimate Study Guide (copy)

Roger Williams

________, a minister in Salem Bay settlement, taught that church and state should be separate.

Columbus arrival

________ initiated a long period of European expansion and colonialism in the Americas.

Virginia Company

In 1618, the ________ introduced the headright system as a means of attracting new settlers to the region and addressing the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming.

Colombus

In August of 1492, ________ used three caravels, supplied and funded by the Spanish crown, to set sail toward India.

Anne Hutchinson

________ was a woman in a resolutely patriarchal society which turned many against her.

Native Americans

________ had their own complex societies, cultures, and religions.

Indian War

French played a significant role in the French and ________ (1754- 1763) but overall had a much lighter impact on native peoples compared to Spanish and English.

1619

In ________, Virginia established the House of Burgesses, in which any property- holding, white male could vote.

North America

________ was populated by Native Americans, not to be confused with native- born Americans.

1620

In ________, Separatists set sail for Virginia on the Mayflower, but went off course and landed in modern- day Massachusetts.

New England

Slavery was rare in ________, but farms in middle and southern colonies were much larger, requiring large numbers of enslaved Africans.

English

Intermarriage was common between Spanish and French settlers and the natives in their colonized territories (though rare among ________ and Dutch settlers)

middle leg

Was the ________ of the triangular trade route among the colonies, Europe, and Africa.

South Carolina

________ had a larger proportion of enslaved Africans than European settlers.

English Calvinists

________ led a Protestant movement called Puritanism in the 16th century.

Intercontinental trade

________ became more organized with the creation of joint- stock companies, corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America.

Roman Catholic Church

The ________ was the dominant religious institution in western Europe.

Jamestown

________ was funded by a joint- stock company, a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king.

colony

A(n) ________ is a territory settled and controlled by a foreign power.

Spain

Englands first attempt to settle North America came a year prior to its victory over ________, in 1587, when Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island (now part of North Carolina)

Anne Hutchinson

________, a prominent proponent of antinomianism, banished for challenging Puritan beliefs and authority of Puritan clergy.

North America

________ was home to hundreds of tribes, cities and societies.

1619

________ also marks the introduction of slavery to the English colonies.

Old World to New World

horses, pigs, rice, wheat, grapes

New World to Old World

corn, potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, avocado, sweet potatoes

1691

In ________, Massachusetts became a royal colony under new monarchs, suffrage was extended to all Protestants.

Slavery

________ played a major role on plantations, but majority of Southerners were subsistence farmers.

Penn

________ made a treaty with the Delawares to take only as much land as could be walked by a man in three days.

North American continent

Colonies on the ________ were seen primarily as markets for British and West Indian goods, but also as sources of raw materials.

New England

Slavery was rare in ________, but farms in middle and southern colonies were much larger, requiring large numbers of enslaved Africans.

South Carolina

________ had a larger proportion of enslaved Africans than European settlers.

England

________ regulated trade and government in its colonies but interfered in colonial affairs as little as possible.

Charles II of England

In 1664, ________ waged war against the Dutch Republic and captured New Netherland.

Molasses Act

________ of 1733, imposed an exorbitant tax upon the importation of sugar from the French West Indies.

Governor

________ had powers similar to the king, but also dependent on colonial legislatures for money.

Autonomy

________ allowed eased transition to independence in following century.

William Penn

________, a Quaker, received colony as a gift from King Charles II.

Dutch Republic

________ was largest commercial power of the century and economic rival of the British.

Navigation

________ Acts passed between 1651 and 1673, required colonists to buy goods only from England, sell certain of their products only to England, and import non- English goods via English ports and pay a duty on those imports.

College of William

________ and Mary was chartered in the South in 1693.

Arrival of settlers

________ from Barbados marked the beginning of the slave era in the colonies.

West Indies

Colonies were important mostly for economic reasons, which is why the British considered their colonies in the ________ more important than their colonies on the North American continent.

Nathaniel Bacon

________, a recent immigrant, rallied the farmers and demanded Governor William Berkeley grant him authority to raise a militia and attack nearby tribes.

Edwards

________ preached severe, predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism.

Navigation Acts

________ also prohibited the colonies from manufacturing a number of goods that England already produced.

Slavery

________ and tobacco played a larger role in the Chesapeake than in the middle colonies.

Penn

________ established liberal policies towards religious freedom and civil liberties.

Literacy rates

________ in New England were higher due to the Puritan legacy of teaching children to read the Bible.

John Adams

________ defended the soldiers in court, helping to establish a tradition of giving a fair trial to all who are accused.

Colonial newspapers

________ discuss ways to alter relationship between mother country and colonies.

William Pitt

________, the English Prime Minister during the war, was supportive of the colonists and encouraged them to join the war effort.

Franco American Alliance

________, negotiated by Ben Franklin in 1778, brought the French into the war on the side of the colonists.

political activity

Women were largely excluded from ________ but had an important civil role and responsibility.

Jefferson

The animosity between ________ and Hamilton and the growing belligerence between the Federalists and Democratic- Republicans set the ugly, divisive tone for Adamss term.

Hamilton

________ (broad constructionist) argued bank implied power of government and not explicitly forbidden by Constitution.

Adams

________ sent three diplomats to Paris, where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations even to begin.

George III

________ replaced Prime Minister Grenville with Lord Rockingham, who had opposed the Stamp Act.

New England

Patriots were mostly white Protestant property holders and gentry, as well as urban artisans, especially in ________.

Sugar Act

The ________ actually lowered the duty on molasses coming into the colonies from the West Indies.

Mississippi Valley

The treaty gave England control of Canada and almost everything east of the ________.

George Washington

________ led a colonial contingent, which attacked a French outpost and lost.

English settlers

The war was the inevitable result of colonial expansion, where ________ moved into the Ohio Valley, and the French tried to stop them by building fortified outposts.

Quebec Act

________ (grants greater liberties to Catholics, extends boundaries of Quebec Territory) further impeding westward expansion, causing further dissatisfaction among colonists.

Revolutionary War

The ________ became a war for independence with the signing of the Declaration.

American history

The Declaration has been considered as a seminal document in ________, and has been a source of inspiration for movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Alexander Hamilton

________ was concerned about no uniform commercial policy and fear for the survival of the new republic.

Federalists

________ who supported ratification of the Constitution are often the same people as ________ who favored strong federal government.

Financial plan

________ called for federal government to assume states 'debts, repay by giving debt holders land on western frontier.

Public virtue

________ had been a strictly masculine quality in the past, private virtue emerged as a very important quality for women.

Indian War

Also called the French and ________, it was actually one of several "wars for empire "fought between the British and the French.

Sugar Act

________, Currency Act, and Proclamation of 1763 caused a great deal of discontent in the colonies.

Goal

enumerate American grievances, develop strategy for addressing grievances, formulate colonial position on relationship between royal government and colonial governments

Three branches of government

executive, legislative, judicial

Polk administration

________ settled territorial dispute by signing treaty with England.

Great disparity

________ in distribution of wealth in northern cities, elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort.

Horace Mann

________ was instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general.

Cult of domesticity

________, supported by popular magazines and novels that glorified home life.

William Crawford

________ suffered a stroke after the initial election and was not a real contender for the House vote.

Andrew Jackson

________ received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes but no one had a majority.

Industrialization

________ resulted in bigger cities with large (and often impoverished) migrant and immigrant neighborhoods.

John C Calhoun

In 1828, ________, Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest "arguing that states who felt the 50 percent tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law.

Adams

The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, was passed during the ________ administration but almost turned into a national crisis during Jackson's administration.

Mexico

________ declared independence from Spain in 1821, included what is now Texas and Southwest.

Steamships

________ replaced sailing ships for long sea voyages and railroads replaced land travel.

Jefferson

________ sent explorers, among them Lewis and Clark, to investigate the western territories, including much of what was included in the Louisiana territory.

Power loom

________ in 1813 allowed manufacturers to produce both thread and finished fabric in own factories quickly and efficiently.

Inventions of steam

________ engine and telegraph revolutionized travel and shipping, allowing for faster and more efficient transportation and communication.

Telegraph

________ allowed for immediate long- distance communication and widespread use followed its invention almost immediately.

Midwest

Smith's preaching, particularly his acceptance of polygamy, drew strong opposition in the East and ________, culminating in his death by a mob while imprisoned in Illinois.

1824

Jackson's campaign for presidency in ________ was vicious, with surrogates accusing opponents of corruption and misconduct.

social life

Family and church played a dominant role in ________, as there were few people around to support organized cultural and leisure events.

Fur trading

________ was another common commercial enterprise on the frontiers, with ________ often being the first pioneers in a region.

early 19th century

Growth of American economy in ________ brought about numerous social changes.

19th century

The ________ saw the beginnings of true social reform in the United States, with many social reform movements growing out of the Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival.

northeastern economy

Farming played less of a role in ________ than elsewhere in the country.

Westward migration

________ brought new set of social problems, including issues of land ownership, displacement of Native Americans, and question of slavery.

Tecumseh

________ unified area tribes to stop American expansion.

Cotton gin

________ and Industrial Revolution in England altered southern agriculture and increased reliance on slave labor.

Manifest Destiny

Americans believed in God- given right to western territories, known as America's ________.

Jackson

In 1828, ________ won the election by a large margin and became the first president who wasn't born in Virginia or named Adams.