Studied by 26 people
Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton and Joints, Muscle Tissue, Axial muscles, Appendicular lower/ upper limb muscles
Parts of the axial skeleton (5)
Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, hyoid bone
Cranial bones (8)
frontal, parietal x2, occipital, temporal x2, sphenoid, ethmoid
Facial bones (14)
Maxilla x2, palatine x2, nasal x2, inferior nasal concha x2, zygomatic x2, lacramial x2, mandible, vomer
What does the frontal bone form and is it paired?
forms forehead and roof of orbits, unpaired
What does the parietal bone form and is it paired?
Forms superior and lateral surfaces of cranium, paired
What are the temporal bone’s external features? (5)
Squamous part, Mastoid process, Styloid process, Mandibular fossa, External auditory meatus
What are the temporal bone’s internal features? (2)
Internal auditory meatus, petrous part (houses ossicles/ ear bones)
Is the temporal bone paired or unpaired?
paired
Is the occipital paired or unpaired?
unpaired
What does the occipital bone form and what are its 2 key features?
forms base of skull, key features are occipital condyles and foramen magnum
Is the sphenoid paired or unpaired?
unpaired
What does the sphenoid form and what are its key features?
Forms floor of cranium, key features are greater winger, lesser wing, Sella turcica and pterygoid process
Is the ethmoid paired or unpaired?
unpaired
What does the ethmoid form and what are its 3 key features?
Forms part of cranium, orbit and nasal cavity. key features are crista galli, perpendicular plate, and cribriform (olfactory nerves)
what is a suture?
immobile joint between bones
coronal suture
joins frontal and parietal
sagittal suture
joins left and right parietals
Lambdoidal suture
joins occipital and parietals
squamous suture
joins temporal and parietal
what are the Fontanelles and what does it assist in?
Incomplete ossification of skull sutures in fetuses and infants, assists in brain development and during birth
is the mandible paired or unpaired?
unpaired
what is the mandible also known as/ what does it form?
lower jawbone
What are the features of the mandible? (3)
Ramus, body, mandible condyle
is the mandible paired or unpaired and what does it form?
unpaired, lower jawbone
what are the (2) features of the maxilla?
alveolar process (house upper teeth), palatine process
Is the zygomatic bone paired or unpaired and what does it form?
paired, forms cheek bone and part of lateral orbit
Is the palatine bone paired or unpaired and what shape is it?
paired, L-shaped
what does the parietal bone form?
posterior part of hard palate, part of nasal cavity, part of orbit
is the nasal bone paired or unpaired and what is it superior to?
paired, superior to nasal cartilages
Is the lacramial bone paired or unpaired and what does it form?
paired, forms part of medial wall of orbit
Is the vomer paired or unpaired and what does it form?
unpaired, forms part of nasal septum
Is the inferior nasal concha paired or unpaired and where is it located?
paired, located in nasal cavity
what are the major cranial sinuses?
frontal sinuses, ethmoid air cells, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinuses
vertebral column from top to bottom with numbers
cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacrum 5, coccyx 4
what are the features of the typical vertebra? (10)
body, vertebral arch, pedicle, lamina, transverse processes, spinous process, superior/inferior articular processes, intervertebral disc/ foramen
what are the cervical vertebrae features?
small bodies, transverse foramina, bifid spinous processes
what are the features of atlas (CV1) vertebra and what does it articulate with?
no body, no spinous process, articulates with skull
what does the axis (CV2) feature and what does it articulate with?
the dens, a vertical projection that articulates with atlas as a pivot joint
what are the features of the thoracic vertebrae?
medium, heart shaped bodies, long posterior/inferior spinous processes and costal facets that work with ribs
what are the features of the lumbar vertebrae? (2)
large bodies, large posterior projecting spinous processes
what is the sacrum and what does it articulate with?
5 vertebrae fused into single bone, articulates with ilium pelvis bones
what is the coccyx and what is it variable in?
tailbone, variable in number (generally 4) and in fusion
what is the thoracic wall?
external boundary of thoracic cavity
what does the thoracic wall include? (6)
ribs, sternum, vertebrae, costal cartilages, intercostal muscles, intercostal nuerovasculature
What is the most superior bone of the sternum?
manubrium
what does the manubrium articulate with?
clavicles at clavicular notches, ribs 1-2, body of sternum at sternal angle
What is the middle bone of the sternum?
Body of sternum
what does the body of sternum articulate with?
body of sternum at sternal angle, ribs 2-7, xiphoid process at xiphisternal junction
What is the inferior bone of the sternum?
xiphoid process
what does the xiphoid process articulate with?
xiphoid process at xiphisternal junction, rib 7
How many pairs of ribs are there?
as many as thoracic vertebrae
how do ribs slope?
inferiorly in sagittal plane
what does the head (ribs 2-10) articulate with?
bodies of thoracic vertebrae
(ribs 2-10) neck
constriction distal to head
what is the tubercle (ribs 2-10) and what does it articulate with?
posterior bump that articulates with transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
describe the (ribs 2-10) angle of a rib
curve, most posterior point of rib cage
describe the (ribs 2-10) shaft of a rib
body
(ribs 2-10) costal groove
inferior, houses neurovasculature
where would you find(rib joints) costovertebral?
between head of rib and bodies of two thoracic vertebrae
where would you find (rib joints) costotransverse?
between tubercle of rib and transverse process of thoracic vertebra
where would you find (rib joints) sternocostal?
between costal cartilages of each rib and sternum
what numbers are true ribs and what do they attach to?
1-7, cartilages attach directly to sternum
what numbers are false ribs and what do they attach to?
8-10, cartilages attach indirectly to sternum via other cartilages
what numbers are floating ribs and what do they attach to?
11-12, cartilages do not attach to sternum at all
What does the hyoid structure articulate with?
nothing
What is the hyoid structure suspended by?
muscles, ligaments between CV3 & CV4
what is the function of hyoid?
anchor for muscles involved in tasting (tongue), chewing (floor of mouth), swallowing (pharynx) vocals (larynx)
what does the head of ribs articulate with?
body of thoracic vertebra
what does the tubercle articulate with?
transverse process of thoracic vertebra
what does the thoracic skeleton protect?
heart and lungs
What muscles does the thoracic skeleton serve as attachment for?
respiratory muscles and muscles that alter position of vertebral column and pectoral girdle
cervical and lumbar have which type of curvature?
secondary
thoracic and sacral have which type of curvature?
primary
What type of mobility is synarthrosis?
immobile
What type of mobility is amphiarthrosis?
slightly mobile
What type of mobility is diarthrosis?
fully mobile
What classifies a fibrous joint?
bones connected by collagenous connective tissue
What classifies a cartilaginous joint?
bones connected by cartilage only
What classifies a synovial joint?
bones connected by proper synovial joint
What are the features of synovial joints? (4)
external fibrous joint capsule, synovial fluid, cartilage, synovial membrane
What type of joints are considered synovial?
ball and socket, planar / gliding, pivot, hinge, saddle, condylar
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
clavicle, scapula and connective tissues
What is the function of the pectoral girdle?
trades stability for mobility
What does the clavicle articulate with?
manubrium of sternum and acromion process of scapula
What is the most frequently broken bone?
clavicle
What are the key features of the scapula? (9)
axillary border, vertebral border, superior border, acromion process, coracoid process, spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, glenoid fossa
What are the key features of the proximal humerus? (6)
head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater/ lesser tubercle, deltoid tuberosity
What are the key features of the distal humerus? (5)
lateral / medial epicondyle, capitulum, trochlea, olecranon fossa
What are the key features of the Ulna? (4)
Trochlear notch, olecranon/ coronoid / styloid process
The ulna is ____ to the radius.
medial
What are the key features of the radius? (2)
head, styloid process
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
ball and socket
What does the glenohumeral joint articulate with?
glenoid fossa of scapula, head of humerus
what are the motions of the glenohumeral joint?
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial lateral rotation (of humerus)
What kind of joint is the elbow and what motion does it do?
hinge, flexion/extension of forearm
What does the elbow joint articulate with?
trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna, capitulum of humerus and head of radius
What kind of motion do the radioulnar joints preform?
pronation/ supination of forearm
What is the Os Coxa commonly known as?
hipbone
What 3 bones fuse to make the Os Coxa?
illium, pubis and ischium
What are the key features of the ilium? (2)
iliac crest, greater sciatic notch
