Anatomy 2

Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton and Joints, Muscle Tissue, Axial muscles, Appendicular lower/ upper limb muscles

Parts of the axial skeleton (5)

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, hyoid bone

Cranial bones (8)

frontal, parietal x2, occipital, temporal x2, sphenoid, ethmoid

Facial bones (14)

Maxilla x2, palatine x2, nasal x2, inferior nasal concha x2, zygomatic x2, lacramial x2, mandible, vomer

What does the frontal bone form and is it paired?

forms forehead and roof of orbits, unpaired

What does the parietal bone form and is it paired?

Forms superior and lateral surfaces of cranium, paired

What are the temporal bone’s external features? (5)

Squamous part, Mastoid process, Styloid process, Mandibular fossa, External auditory meatus

What are the temporal bone’s internal features? (2)

Internal auditory meatus, petrous part (houses ossicles/ ear bones)

Is the temporal bone paired or unpaired?

paired

Is the occipital paired or unpaired?

unpaired

What does the occipital bone form and what are its 2 key features?

forms base of skull, key features are occipital condyles and foramen magnum

Is the sphenoid paired or unpaired?

unpaired

What does the sphenoid form and what are its key features?

Forms floor of cranium, key features are greater winger, lesser wing, Sella turcica and pterygoid process

Is the ethmoid paired or unpaired?

unpaired

What does the ethmoid form and what are its 3 key features?

Forms part of cranium, orbit and nasal cavity. key features are crista galli, perpendicular plate, and cribriform (olfactory nerves)

what is a suture?

immobile joint between bones

coronal suture

joins frontal and parietal

sagittal suture

joins left and right parietals

Lambdoidal suture

joins occipital and parietals

squamous suture

joins temporal and parietal

what are the Fontanelles and what does it assist in?

Incomplete ossification of skull sutures in fetuses and infants, assists in brain development and during birth

is the mandible paired or unpaired?

unpaired

what is the mandible also known as/ what does it form?

lower jawbone

What are the features of the mandible? (3)

Ramus, body, mandible condyle

is the mandible paired or unpaired and what does it form?

unpaired, lower jawbone

what are the (2) features of the maxilla?

alveolar process (house upper teeth), palatine process

Is the zygomatic bone paired or unpaired and what does it form?

paired, forms cheek bone and part of lateral orbit

Is the palatine bone paired or unpaired and what shape is it?

paired, L-shaped

what does the parietal bone form?

posterior part of hard palate, part of nasal cavity, part of orbit

is the nasal bone paired or unpaired and what is it superior to?

paired, superior to nasal cartilages

Is the lacramial bone paired or unpaired and what does it form?

paired, forms part of medial wall of orbit

Is the vomer paired or unpaired and what does it form?

unpaired, forms part of nasal septum

Is the inferior nasal concha paired or unpaired and where is it located?

paired, located in nasal cavity

what are the major cranial sinuses?

frontal sinuses, ethmoid air cells, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinuses

vertebral column from top to bottom with numbers

cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacrum 5, coccyx 4

what are the features of the typical vertebra? (10)

body, vertebral arch, pedicle, lamina, transverse processes, spinous process, superior/inferior articular processes, intervertebral disc/ foramen

what are the cervical vertebrae features?

small bodies, transverse foramina, bifid spinous processes

what are the features of atlas (CV1) vertebra and what does it articulate with?

no body, no spinous process, articulates with skull

what does the axis (CV2) feature and what does it articulate with?

the dens, a vertical projection that articulates with atlas as a pivot joint

what are the features of the thoracic vertebrae?

medium, heart shaped bodies, long posterior/inferior spinous processes and costal facets that work with ribs

what are the features of the lumbar vertebrae? (2)

large bodies, large posterior projecting spinous processes

what is the sacrum and what does it articulate with?

5 vertebrae fused into single bone, articulates with ilium pelvis bones

what is the coccyx and what is it variable in?

tailbone, variable in number (generally 4) and in fusion

what is the thoracic wall?

external boundary of thoracic cavity

what does the thoracic wall include? (6)

ribs, sternum, vertebrae, costal cartilages, intercostal muscles, intercostal nuerovasculature

What is the most superior bone of the sternum?

manubrium

what does the manubrium articulate with?

clavicles at clavicular notches, ribs 1-2, body of sternum at sternal angle

What is the middle bone of the sternum?

Body of sternum

what does the body of sternum articulate with?

body of sternum at sternal angle, ribs 2-7, xiphoid process at xiphisternal junction

What is the inferior bone of the sternum?

xiphoid process

what does the xiphoid process articulate with?

xiphoid process at xiphisternal junction, rib 7

How many pairs of ribs are there?

as many as thoracic vertebrae

how do ribs slope?

inferiorly in sagittal plane

what does the head (ribs 2-10) articulate with?

bodies of thoracic vertebrae

(ribs 2-10) neck

constriction distal to head

what is the tubercle (ribs 2-10) and what does it articulate with?

posterior bump that articulates with transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae

describe the (ribs 2-10) angle of a rib

curve, most posterior point of rib cage

describe the (ribs 2-10) shaft of a rib

body

(ribs 2-10) costal groove

inferior, houses neurovasculature

where would you find(rib joints) costovertebral?

between head of rib and bodies of two thoracic vertebrae

where would you find (rib joints) costotransverse?

between tubercle of rib and transverse process of thoracic vertebra

where would you find (rib joints) sternocostal?

between costal cartilages of each rib and sternum

what numbers are true ribs and what do they attach to?

1-7, cartilages attach directly to sternum

what numbers are false ribs and what do they attach to?

8-10, cartilages attach indirectly to sternum via other cartilages

what numbers are floating ribs and what do they attach to?

11-12, cartilages do not attach to sternum at all

What does the hyoid structure articulate with?

nothing

What is the hyoid structure suspended by?

muscles, ligaments between CV3 & CV4

what is the function of hyoid?

anchor for muscles involved in tasting (tongue), chewing (floor of mouth), swallowing (pharynx) vocals (larynx)

what does the head of ribs articulate with?

body of thoracic vertebra

what does the tubercle articulate with?

transverse process of thoracic vertebra

what does the thoracic skeleton protect?

heart and lungs

What muscles does the thoracic skeleton serve as attachment for?

respiratory muscles and muscles that alter position of vertebral column and pectoral girdle

cervical and lumbar have which type of curvature?

secondary

thoracic and sacral have which type of curvature?

primary

What type of mobility is synarthrosis?

immobile

What type of mobility is amphiarthrosis?

slightly mobile

What type of mobility is diarthrosis?

fully mobile

What classifies a fibrous joint?

bones connected by collagenous connective tissue

What classifies a cartilaginous joint?

bones connected by cartilage only

What classifies a synovial joint?

bones connected by proper synovial joint

What are the features of synovial joints? (4)

external fibrous joint capsule, synovial fluid, cartilage, synovial membrane

What type of joints are considered synovial?

ball and socket, planar / gliding, pivot, hinge, saddle, condylar

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

clavicle, scapula and connective tissues

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

trades stability for mobility

What does the clavicle articulate with?

manubrium of sternum and acromion process of scapula

What is the most frequently broken bone?

clavicle

What are the key features of the scapula? (9)

axillary border, vertebral border, superior border, acromion process, coracoid process, spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, glenoid fossa

What are the key features of the proximal humerus? (6)

head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater/ lesser tubercle, deltoid tuberosity

What are the key features of the distal humerus? (5)

lateral / medial epicondyle, capitulum, trochlea, olecranon fossa

What are the key features of the Ulna? (4)

Trochlear notch, olecranon/ coronoid / styloid process

The ulna is ____ to the radius.

medial

What are the key features of the radius? (2)

head, styloid process

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

ball and socket

What does the glenohumeral joint articulate with?

glenoid fossa of scapula, head of humerus

what are the motions of the glenohumeral joint?

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial lateral rotation (of humerus)

What kind of joint is the elbow and what motion does it do?

hinge, flexion/extension of forearm

What does the elbow joint articulate with?

trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna, capitulum of humerus and head of radius

What kind of motion do the radioulnar joints preform?

pronation/ supination of forearm

What is the Os Coxa commonly known as?

hipbone

What 3 bones fuse to make the Os Coxa?

illium, pubis and ischium

What are the key features of the ilium? (2)

iliac crest, greater sciatic notch