What were the main motivators for European exploration? (3 G's)
God, Gold, Glory
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Who had the initial monopoly on the exotic goods/spice trade?
Italy
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In what body of water did most of the Italian trade occur?
The Mediterranean Sea
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Why did other European nations want to break the Italian monopoly?
direct access to exotic goods market
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Explain the role of older texts/writings, such as Ptolemy's Geography and Marco Polo's Travels on the exploration activities.
books talked about the exotic foreign lands
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Caravel
cargo ship with large cargo hold
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Compass
Direction
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Astrolabe
Location
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Cartography (Map making)
communication of trade routes
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Gunpowder and cannons
Military/war
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Lateen sails
sailing against the wind
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Axial rudder
steering
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Significance of knowledge of wind patterns, especially in the Atlantic Ocean
know how to best sail to places
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What did technology allow for with regards to exploration and trade? (think about the two Ps)
exploration and trade to be possible and profitable
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What was the first European nation to begin exploring in the Age of Exploration?
Portugal
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Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
created navigation school and sponsored expeditions west African coast
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Around what continent did Portugal explore and why?
West African Coast, because it had gold.
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How did the Italian trade in the Mediterranean Sea influence Portugal's exploration?
Portugal began the spice trade to Europe
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What types of goods were the Portuguese bringing back from Africa?
Gold, ivory and slaves
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What is the Gold Coast in Africa?
west African coast
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Who first sailed around the southern tip of Africa?
Prince Henry the Navigator
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Who first sailed to India?
Vasco de Gama
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What are the Moluccas?
Spice Islands
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What was the second European nation to begin exploring during the Age of Exploration?
Spain
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Why did Spain choose to explore west?
It was a shorter route to the spice trade and Portugal monopolized trade along west African coast
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Who did Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor to explore west?
Columbus
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What did Columbus discover on his voyage west?
islands of the Caribbean and east coast of Central America
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What did Cabral discover?
Brazil
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What did Balboa discover?
Panama and Pacific Ocean
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What is Magellan given credit for accomplishing?
Circumnavigation of earth
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What does it mean to circumnavigate?
sail the whole world
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Did Magellan actually circumnavigate the globe?
No
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What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
created Papal Line of Demarcation which dived world between Portugal and Spain
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Why was the Treaty of Toredesillas signed between the two nations?
To avoid war between Portugal and Spain
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Did the Treaty of Tordesillas apply to other nations or did other nations recognize the treaty?
ignored the line
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Who were the conquistadores?
Spanish explorers with extreme religious zeal
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For what nation did the conquistadores explore and conquer?
Mexico and Peru
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What were the motivations of the conquistadores?
wanted to spread their religion
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What advantages did the conquistadores have over the native Americans?
horses, war dogs, guns, and armor and disease
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What disease brought by Spanish had the biggest impact on the indigenous American populations?
Smallpox
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Who conquered the Aztecs?
Cortez
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Who conquered the Incas?
Pizzaro
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What was the role of the Catholic missionaries with the conquistadores?
To convert Native Americans to Catholicism
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What is a viceroyalty?
Royalty of the Spanish Empire
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What is a viceroy?
Spanish officer to the crown that governed large areas of the empire in the New World
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What is an encomienda?
Large landed estates that used native Americans as labor
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How did the encomienda system help "conquer" the native Americans?
It was enforced by Spanish culture onto the natives
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How did disease and smallpox influence the Europeans to adopt African slave labor?
Two-way exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas brought disease, so the native americans all died
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What crop planted in the West Indies accelerated the need for African slave labor?
Sugar cane
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From what part of Africa were most of the African slaves taken?
Western Africa
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What was the role of the European in the slave trade?
Traded goods to Africans for slaves
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What was the role of the African in the slave trade?
Brought captured slaves to European trade forts on the coast
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What was the Triangular Trade system?
Trade routes that connected Europe, Africa and the Americas
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What was the middle passage?
Trade route that connected Africa to the Americas
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What was the Columbian Exchange?
A two-way exchange of goods, technology, culture, animals and disease between Europe and the Americas
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Around which body of water did the Columbian Exchange occur?
Atlantic Ocean
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Who is given credit for starting the Columbian Exchange?
Columbus
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Which country explored The Americas and the West Indies?
Portugal
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Which country explored Africa?
Portugal
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Which country explored India?
Portugal
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Which country explored Southeast Asia?
Portugal
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Which country explored China?
Portugal
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Which country explored Japan?
Portugal
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What did knowledge of global geography do?
Expanded geographic knowledge of the known world
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What did trade and transfer of goods and products do?
connected Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas into one trade network
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What were cultural impacts on native populations?
Language, religion, economy, converted to Christianity, and trade
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What was the movement of people?
voluntary and involuntary People immigrated to the Americas
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What did growth of European power and European superiority do?
cultural, economic, and political spread
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What did competition among European powers do?
Global competition between European powers for economic markets
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How did exploration impact the spread of Christianity?
It made Christianity more widespread
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What was the Price Revolution?
The rise in price of goods due to increased population
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What is capitalism?
Economic system driven by supply and demand, profit and investment
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What is a joint stock company?
A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders
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What was mercantilism?
Economic theory centered around national economic interests and government intervention in the economy
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What was the role of banking in exploration and trade?
Banks provided money-lending services to parties interested in getting in on the blossoming trade, and allowed people to take part in business far from home.
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What is bullion?
Gold and silver=Money
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What is a balance of trade?
More exports than imports
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What creates a favorable or unfavorable balance of trade?
High tariffs and government
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What is a tariff?
Tax
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What is infrastructure?
Developed by the government to promote internal trade
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What countries promoted the shipbuilding industry and why?
Japan and China, it is an important asset to the economy
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What was the role of colonies in the system of mercantilism?
Source of raw materials for manufacturing, market for manufactured goods and source of revenue
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What ocean became the major focus of European trade networks?
Atlantic Ocean
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What city became the financial center of Europe during the Age of Exploration?
Amsterdam
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Why do historians believe that the Age of Exploration created a global economy?
Oceanic and overland trade patterns connected Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas into one trade network
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After the creation of a global economy, was the European economy mostly commercial or agricultural?
commercial
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How does exploration reflect Innovation?
The creation of a global economy shared ideas and innovations.
Studied by 6 people
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Flashcard (80)