AP Euro Exploration Exam

What were the main motivators for European exploration? (3 G's)

God, Gold, Glory

Who had the initial monopoly on the exotic goods/spice trade?

Italy

In what body of water did most of the Italian trade occur?

The Mediterranean Sea

Why did other European nations want to break the Italian monopoly?

direct access to exotic goods market

Explain the role of older texts/writings, such as Ptolemy's Geography and Marco Polo's Travels on the exploration activities.

books talked about the exotic foreign lands

Caravel

cargo ship with large cargo hold

Compass

Direction

Astrolabe

Location

Cartography (Map making)

communication of trade routes

Gunpowder and cannons

Military/war

Lateen sails

sailing against the wind

Axial rudder

steering

Significance of knowledge of wind patterns, especially in the Atlantic Ocean

know how to best sail to places

What did technology allow for with regards to exploration and trade? (think about the two Ps)

exploration and trade to be possible and profitable

What was the first European nation to begin exploring in the Age of Exploration?

Portugal

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

created navigation school and sponsored expeditions west African coast

Around what continent did Portugal explore and why?

West African Coast, because it had gold.

How did the Italian trade in the Mediterranean Sea influence Portugal's exploration?

Portugal began the spice trade to Europe

What types of goods were the Portuguese bringing back from Africa?

Gold, ivory and slaves

What is the Gold Coast in Africa?

west African coast

Who first sailed around the southern tip of Africa?

Prince Henry the Navigator

Who first sailed to India?

Vasco de Gama

What are the Moluccas?

Spice Islands

What was the second European nation to begin exploring during the Age of Exploration?

Spain

Why did Spain choose to explore west?

It was a shorter route to the spice trade and Portugal monopolized trade along west African coast

Who did Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor to explore west?

Columbus

What did Columbus discover on his voyage west?

islands of the Caribbean and east coast of Central America

What did Cabral discover?

Brazil

What did Balboa discover?

Panama and Pacific Ocean

What is Magellan given credit for accomplishing?

Circumnavigation of earth

What does it mean to circumnavigate?

sail the whole world

Did Magellan actually circumnavigate the globe?

No

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

created Papal Line of Demarcation which dived world between Portugal and Spain

Why was the Treaty of Toredesillas signed between the two nations?

To avoid war between Portugal and Spain

Did the Treaty of Tordesillas apply to other nations or did other nations recognize the treaty?

ignored the line

Who were the conquistadores?

Spanish explorers with extreme religious zeal

For what nation did the conquistadores explore and conquer?

Mexico and Peru

What were the motivations of the conquistadores?

wanted to spread their religion

What advantages did the conquistadores have over the native Americans?

horses, war dogs, guns, and armor and disease

What disease brought by Spanish had the biggest impact on the indigenous American populations?

Smallpox

Who conquered the Aztecs?

Cortez

Who conquered the Incas?

Pizzaro

What was the role of the Catholic missionaries with the conquistadores?

To convert Native Americans to Catholicism

What is a viceroyalty?

Royalty of the Spanish Empire

What is a viceroy?

Spanish officer to the crown that governed large areas of the empire in the New World

What is an encomienda?

Large landed estates that used native Americans as labor

How did the encomienda system help "conquer" the native Americans?

It was enforced by Spanish culture onto the natives

How did disease and smallpox influence the Europeans to adopt African slave labor?

Two-way exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas brought disease, so the native americans all died

What crop planted in the West Indies accelerated the need for African slave labor?

Sugar cane

From what part of Africa were most of the African slaves taken?

Western Africa

What was the role of the European in the slave trade?

Traded goods to Africans for slaves

What was the role of the African in the slave trade?

Brought captured slaves to European trade forts on the coast

What was the Triangular Trade system?

Trade routes that connected Europe, Africa and the Americas

What was the middle passage?

Trade route that connected Africa to the Americas

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A two-way exchange of goods, technology, culture, animals and disease between Europe and the Americas

Around which body of water did the Columbian Exchange occur?

Atlantic Ocean

Who is given credit for starting the Columbian Exchange?

Columbus

Which country explored The Americas and the West Indies?

Portugal

Which country explored Africa?

Portugal

Which country explored India?

Portugal

Which country explored Southeast Asia?

Portugal

Which country explored China?

Portugal

Which country explored Japan?

Portugal

What did knowledge of global geography do?

Expanded geographic knowledge of the known world

What did trade and transfer of goods and products do?

connected Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas into one trade network

What were cultural impacts on native populations?

Language, religion, economy, converted to Christianity, and trade

What was the movement of people?

voluntary and involuntary People immigrated to the Americas

What did growth of European power and European superiority do?

cultural, economic, and political spread

What did competition among European powers do?

Global competition between European powers for economic markets

How did exploration impact the spread of Christianity?

It made Christianity more widespread

What was the Price Revolution?

The rise in price of goods due to increased population

What is capitalism?

Economic system driven by supply and demand, profit and investment

What is a joint stock company?

A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders

What was mercantilism?

Economic theory centered around national economic interests and government intervention in the economy

What was the role of banking in exploration and trade?

Banks provided money-lending services to parties interested in getting in on the blossoming trade, and allowed people to take part in business far from home.

What is bullion?

Gold and silver=Money

What is a balance of trade?

More exports than imports

What creates a favorable or unfavorable balance of trade?

High tariffs and government

What is a tariff?

Tax

What is infrastructure?

Developed by the government to promote internal trade

What countries promoted the shipbuilding industry and why?

Japan and China, it is an important asset to the economy

What was the role of colonies in the system of mercantilism?

Source of raw materials for manufacturing, market for manufactured goods and source of revenue

What ocean became the major focus of European trade networks?

Atlantic Ocean

What city became the financial center of Europe during the Age of Exploration?

Amsterdam

Why do historians believe that the Age of Exploration created a global economy?

Oceanic and overland trade patterns connected Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas into one trade network

After the creation of a global economy, was the European economy mostly commercial or agricultural?

commercial

How does exploration reflect Innovation?

The creation of a global economy shared ideas and innovations.