Studied by 5 people
What were the main motivators for European exploration? (3 G's)
God, Gold, Glory
Who had the initial monopoly on the exotic goods/spice trade?
Italy
In what body of water did most of the Italian trade occur?
The Mediterranean Sea
Why did other European nations want to break the Italian monopoly?
direct access to exotic goods market
Explain the role of older texts/writings, such as Ptolemy's Geography and Marco Polo's Travels on the exploration activities.
books talked about the exotic foreign lands
Caravel
cargo ship with large cargo hold
Compass
Direction
Astrolabe
Location
Cartography (Map making)
communication of trade routes
Gunpowder and cannons
Military/war
Lateen sails
sailing against the wind
Axial rudder
steering
Significance of knowledge of wind patterns, especially in the Atlantic Ocean
know how to best sail to places
What did technology allow for with regards to exploration and trade? (think about the two Ps)
exploration and trade to be possible and profitable
What was the first European nation to begin exploring in the Age of Exploration?
Portugal
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
created navigation school and sponsored expeditions west African coast
Around what continent did Portugal explore and why?
West African Coast, because it had gold.
How did the Italian trade in the Mediterranean Sea influence Portugal's exploration?
Portugal began the spice trade to Europe
What types of goods were the Portuguese bringing back from Africa?
Gold, ivory and slaves
What is the Gold Coast in Africa?
west African coast
Who first sailed around the southern tip of Africa?
Prince Henry the Navigator
Who first sailed to India?
Vasco de Gama
What are the Moluccas?
Spice Islands
What was the second European nation to begin exploring during the Age of Exploration?
Spain
Why did Spain choose to explore west?
It was a shorter route to the spice trade and Portugal monopolized trade along west African coast
Who did Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor to explore west?
Columbus
What did Columbus discover on his voyage west?
islands of the Caribbean and east coast of Central America
What did Cabral discover?
Brazil
What did Balboa discover?
Panama and Pacific Ocean
What is Magellan given credit for accomplishing?
Circumnavigation of earth
What does it mean to circumnavigate?
sail the whole world
Did Magellan actually circumnavigate the globe?
No
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
created Papal Line of Demarcation which dived world between Portugal and Spain
Why was the Treaty of Toredesillas signed between the two nations?
To avoid war between Portugal and Spain
Did the Treaty of Tordesillas apply to other nations or did other nations recognize the treaty?
ignored the line
Who were the conquistadores?
Spanish explorers with extreme religious zeal
For what nation did the conquistadores explore and conquer?
Mexico and Peru
What were the motivations of the conquistadores?
wanted to spread their religion
What advantages did the conquistadores have over the native Americans?
horses, war dogs, guns, and armor and disease
What disease brought by Spanish had the biggest impact on the indigenous American populations?
Smallpox
Who conquered the Aztecs?
Cortez
Who conquered the Incas?
Pizzaro
What was the role of the Catholic missionaries with the conquistadores?
To convert Native Americans to Catholicism
What is a viceroyalty?
Royalty of the Spanish Empire
What is a viceroy?
Spanish officer to the crown that governed large areas of the empire in the New World
What is an encomienda?
Large landed estates that used native Americans as labor
How did the encomienda system help "conquer" the native Americans?
It was enforced by Spanish culture onto the natives
How did disease and smallpox influence the Europeans to adopt African slave labor?
Two-way exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas brought disease, so the native americans all died
What crop planted in the West Indies accelerated the need for African slave labor?
Sugar cane
From what part of Africa were most of the African slaves taken?
Western Africa
What was the role of the European in the slave trade?
Traded goods to Africans for slaves
What was the role of the African in the slave trade?
Brought captured slaves to European trade forts on the coast
What was the Triangular Trade system?
Trade routes that connected Europe, Africa and the Americas
What was the middle passage?
Trade route that connected Africa to the Americas
What was the Columbian Exchange?
A two-way exchange of goods, technology, culture, animals and disease between Europe and the Americas
Around which body of water did the Columbian Exchange occur?
Atlantic Ocean
Who is given credit for starting the Columbian Exchange?
Columbus
Which country explored The Americas and the West Indies?
Portugal
Which country explored Africa?
Portugal
Which country explored India?
Portugal
Which country explored Southeast Asia?
Portugal
Which country explored China?
Portugal
Which country explored Japan?
Portugal
What did knowledge of global geography do?
Expanded geographic knowledge of the known world
What did trade and transfer of goods and products do?
connected Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas into one trade network
What were cultural impacts on native populations?
Language, religion, economy, converted to Christianity, and trade
What was the movement of people?
voluntary and involuntary People immigrated to the Americas
What did growth of European power and European superiority do?
cultural, economic, and political spread
What did competition among European powers do?
Global competition between European powers for economic markets
How did exploration impact the spread of Christianity?
It made Christianity more widespread
What was the Price Revolution?
The rise in price of goods due to increased population
What is capitalism?
Economic system driven by supply and demand, profit and investment
What is a joint stock company?
A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders
What was mercantilism?
Economic theory centered around national economic interests and government intervention in the economy
What was the role of banking in exploration and trade?
Banks provided money-lending services to parties interested in getting in on the blossoming trade, and allowed people to take part in business far from home.
What is bullion?
Gold and silver=Money
What is a balance of trade?
More exports than imports
What creates a favorable or unfavorable balance of trade?
High tariffs and government
What is a tariff?
Tax
What is infrastructure?
Developed by the government to promote internal trade
What countries promoted the shipbuilding industry and why?
Japan and China, it is an important asset to the economy
What was the role of colonies in the system of mercantilism?
Source of raw materials for manufacturing, market for manufactured goods and source of revenue
What ocean became the major focus of European trade networks?
Atlantic Ocean
What city became the financial center of Europe during the Age of Exploration?
Amsterdam
Why do historians believe that the Age of Exploration created a global economy?
Oceanic and overland trade patterns connected Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas into one trade network
After the creation of a global economy, was the European economy mostly commercial or agricultural?
commercial
How does exploration reflect Innovation?
The creation of a global economy shared ideas and innovations.
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Flashcard