EXAM 3

congition

all mental activities associated with processing, understanding, and communicating. Is organized with concepts

concept

mentally grouping similar objects, events, and people

prototype

a mental image that we create that incorporates all features that we associate

algorithm

a step by step procedure that guarantees a solution

heuristics

(Faster, but are more likely to have errors)

mental shortcuts that allow people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently.

insight

when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning, recognizing that you have a problem

problems are solved by:

insight, heuristics, algorithms

what are obstacles to solving problems?

conformation bias, fixation, functional fixedness

conformation bias

searching for information to confirm our beliefs

fixation

the determination to solve a problem one certain type of way

functional fixedness

EXAMPLE: you forgot a pillow so use your extra sweater as a pillow

limit to creativity whereby people can't see beyond the usual functions of something

overconfidence

the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge/judgement

framing

the way a issue is presented

belief perseverance

holding on to a belief, in spite of evidence that contradicts/proves them wrong

language (hearing/ watching other people talk, write, or use gestures)

spoken, written, and gestured words combined together. We acquire it through interaction (

Do animals think and have lanugage?

yes, they also solve problems and make tools to stay alive. They also learn human sign language and communicate amongst themselves

intelligence (From intelligence we learn to solve problems, reason more clearly, and learn from experience )

the mental abilities needed to start, adapt to, and shape the environment.

who conducted the first intelligence test

alfred binet

The first intelligence test:

When & where:

why:

in france, in the early 1900’s

to place children in the best classrooms for learning

two beliefs about intelligence

children develop in the same way, children develop at their own rate

how is intelligence scored

your Mental Age = your Chronological Age

the revision of the intelligence test was created by:

why?

in Cali, by Lewis Terman

the french test didint work in California

Howard Gardner had __ types of intelligence (recently added a 9th type)

8

Charles Spearman

discovered the G factor, the G factor is general intelligence

Robert Sternberg

saw intelligence comprised of 3 parts. practical, creative, and analytic

analytic intelligence (academic intelligence)

the ability to evaluate information and solve problems

creative intelligence**(novel ideas in novel situations)**

the ability to come up with new ideas

practical intelligence (used in daily life, street smarts, common sense)

the ability to get along in different contexts

emotional intelligence

(people are self aware and have sympathy for others)

the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions

Examples of intelligence tests:

WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

WISC: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

does Nature and Nurture have an effect on intelligence?

EXAMPLE: A head start program will create a better attitude towards learning

yes

motivation

a need or desire that serves to energize behavior and direct to toward a goal

instinct example

Infants: rooting, sucking grasping

drive reduction theory, we act for two reasons

to reduce a drive, to gain a reward

homeostasis

the maintenance of a steady internal state

incentive

stimuli that pull us toward/ away from something

arousal theory

People are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal.

Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of needs (in order from 5 to 1)

self actualization, esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety needs, bodily needs

how do you know you’re hungry

hunger pangs, blood sugar drops, and the release of hormone orxein

set point

the point at which our weight is set

basal metabolic rate

the rate at which your body expends energy to maintain basic body functions

rodin and slochower

research on externals

emotions include

physiological responses, expressive behaviors, and cognitive experiences

physiological responses

heart pounds, palms sweat, and a surge of energy

expressive behaviors

running and screaming

cognitive experience

interprets and labels

nonverbal communication

how we communicate without words

Robert Lazarus - 1991,1998

Suggests that emotions do not exist until we add a label to whatever body sensations

Robert Zajonc- 1980,1998

Believes emotion precedes labels, We react first then later realize why

Zajonc and Lazarus agree

some emotions do require conscious

women are better at:

reading nonverbal cues, being more responsive visually, and more responsible in emotional situations

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

believed nonverbal language is universal, and nonverbal verbal anticipates language

cultural variance in body language def

Many common hand gestures have different meanings in different countries

stress can be a:

(stress can be good or bad)

stimulus, response, or process

stimulus

any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism

catastrophes

unpredictable large scale events

howard gardners 8 types of intelligence

verbal, mathematical, musical, spatial, intrapersonal, interpersonal, though nature and movement

significant life changes examples

marriage , divorce, having a baby,

daily hassles

traffic, late bus, rain

what does a autonomic nervous system do?

controls the physical responses of the body

what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

sympathetic division

gives you a energy surge to survive danger

parasympathetic division

stops the release of stress hormones once danger has passed

General adaption syndrome (GAS) phases

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

alarm reaction phase

(energy surge)

sympathetic system is activated

resistance phase

fully engaged to meet the challenge

exhaustion phase

resources are depleted

women respond to stress by:

bonding , talking to a friend, seek/ give comfort

men respond to stress by:

withdrawing, using drugs and alcohol, being aggressive

short term stress is handled :

(well or unwell)

well

long term stress is handled

unwell

effects of long term stress

decreases health and stresses our immune system

stressed people are:

are more vulnerable to illness, wounds heal more slowly

TRUE

T OR F: stress does not cause HIV/AIDS, but can hasten HIV into aids

true

T OR F: stress does not create cancer, but may weaken the immune system and allow cancer to grow

TYPE A in Stress and heart disease is _____, TYPE B is ______

creative and impatient, relaxed and easygoing

Personal coping can include:

external locus of control, internal locus of control, and learned helplessness

learned helplessness

hopeless and passive resignation

internal locus of control

believe that they’re in control of their life

self control

controls impulses and delays gratification for long term rewards

external locus control

(Belief that forces outside of a person [fate, luck] are responsible for their circumstances)

belief that outside forces are in control

what predicts happiness

high self esteem, sleep, exercise, and close friendships

happiness is not correlated with

age, gender, education levels, being a parent, physical attractiveness

how do we find happiness?

by being aware and grateful for what we have

when does self control fluctuate?

when it is spent

optimitic people

may have a genetic base with more oxytocin, usually live longer and are happier

pessimistic people

belief that they’re always the victim, see lack of ability as a reason for poor performance

True

friends and family decrease blood pressure an stress hormones, increase our immune system

ways to reduce stress:

Social support, joining a faith community, relaxation and meditation

happiness is

a high ratio of positive to negative feelings

people who strive for intimacy, personal growth, and contribution to their community enjoy:

a higher quality of life

the tendency people have to quickly adapt to a new situation, until that situation becomes the norm. Once the new situation is normal, another new experience is needed -- it constantly raises the level for what is new or exciting as each new thing becomes the norm

adaption level phenomenon

relative deprication principle

the sense that we are worse off than the people we compare ourselves to