Progressivism

De facto segregation

segregation based on circumstances (what develops based on the actions of people) - more common in the North

De jure segregation

segregation based on the law - more common in the South, developed legally after the Plessy v. Ferguson case

Grandfather clause

a provision that exempts certain people from a law on the based on previously existing circumstances – used in some southern states’ constitutions that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the polls

Initiative

a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by lawmakers

Jim Crow laws

laws enacted by southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities - “separate but equal”

Muckraker

a magazine journalist who exposes the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s

Prohibition

the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages

Recall

a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people

Referendum

a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people

Scientific management

the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace

Suffrage

the right to vote

The Jungle by Upton Sinclar

a novel that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time

Trusts

consolidation of competing companies by turning stock over to a board of trustees who run the company as a large corporation (ex: oil, steel)

Alice Paul

a member of the National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and a prominent activist in the women's suffrage movement who organized conventions and peaceful protests with other women in support of this topic to fight for and pass the law for women's suffrage, worked with Lucy Burns

Booker T. Washington

African American educator and civil rights leader; he was born into slavery and later became head of the Tuskegee Institute for career training for African Americans

Carrie Chapman Catt

woman suffrage leader and activist; as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she developed a plan for achieving woman suffrage that helped lead to the passage on the Nineteenth Amendment

Progressive Presidents General Characteristics

• Younger

• Used personality & popularity to advance programs

• Federal gov’t takes over when the states are incapable of dealing w/problems

• Influences the news media and shapes legislation

Characteristics of Roosevelt

rich, outspoken, NY, dynamic, loved rough-and-tumble politics

Characteristics of Taft

cautious, quiet, skilled administrator, preferred to avoid conflict, didn’t like politics

Characteristics of Wilson

religious, Southern Democrat, high moral values

Carry Nation

a woman painted with a machete, mirrors broken and smashed, and everything in the room broken. She was a part of the message that alcohol should be banned and no longer purchased, and fought with the temperance movement

Lucy Burns

a member of the National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) who worked with Alice Paul to fight for women’s suffrage

Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt

twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trustbusting, environmental conservation, and strong foreign policy

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American educator, editor, and writer; he led the Niagara Movement, calling for economic and educational equality for Americans

William Taft

twenty-seventh president of the United States; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Woodrow Wilson

twenty-eighth president of the United States; he proposed the New Freedom platform that demanded antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs

16th Amendment

income tax

17th Amendment

direct election of senators

18th Amendment

prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, or importation of alcohol

19th Amendment

women’s right to vote

Child Labor Act

forbade interstate shipment of products whose creation had involved child labor under the ages of fourteen to sixteen, depending on the products

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

regulated the railroad industry

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

increased the power of the law by prohibiting price discrimination, interlocking directorates, and exclusive contracts

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

prohibited all unfair trade practices and set up a commission that could give cease and desist order to stop illegal actions and could bring suit to court

Meat Inspection Act

provided for sanitary regulations and inspections of meat packing facilities

New Freedom

a platform created by Woodrow Wilson that demanded antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs

Plessy v. Ferguson

• Plessy was 1/8 African American so he had to sit in the Black section, but chose to sit in the white section, Claimed it was a violation of the 14th Amendment

• Supreme Court upheld Louisiana law of segregation

  • “Separate but equal”

Pure Food and Drug Act

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of fake or fraudulently labeled food and drugs

Square Deal

TR’s program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business

Changes in Education

• High schools, colleges, and universities increased enrollment

• Kindergarten was created

• Elementary school became mandatory

• Immigrant adults attended night school to learn English & qualify for American citizenship

Election of 1912

Wilson was elected due to a split in Republican vote (Taft - incumbent Republican, Roosevelt - Progressive/Bull Moose Party). Eugene V. Debs ran as a socialist

Goals of Progressivism

• Social welfare

• Moral reform

• Economic reform

• Fostering efficiency

Jobs: lower class women

domestic, farming, manufacturing

Jobs: middle/upper class women

domestic, white collar, manufacturing, suffragists

Jobs: immigrant women

domestic, manufacturing, piecework, farming, caring for boarders

Jobs: African American women

domestic, farming

African American Rights

struggled for equality and civil rights, Niagara Movement promoted a liberal arts education for African Americans

Methods used by women’s suffrage movement

Public speaking, parade, petitions, picketing, lobbying, newspapers