1. Continuous body- legislative body, such as the U.S. Senate, that achieves stability by staggering the terms of its members to prevent more than a minority of seats from changing in a single election. 3. Special Session- Only the president can call one of these, emergency meeting of Congress 4. President Pro Tempore- presides over the senate when the VP is absent, handles the day to day business of the senate 5. Term- how long members of Congress hold office 6. Gerrymander- manipulate the boundaries of a district so as to favor one party 9. Quorum- minimum number of members needed to be present to make a vote valid 10. Bicameral- 2 house legislature 11. Unicameral- one house legislature 12. Expressed Powers- specifically named in the Constitution. They are sometimes called delegated powers or enumerated powers. 13. Hopper- Box used to introduce bills in the House of Representatives 14. Implied Powers- not been explicitly granted by the Constitution, given by the necessary and proper clause, needed to carry out the expressed powers 15. Impeachment- power of Congress, a way to bring charges against the president for any high crimes committed while in office , power held by House of Representatives 16. Reapportion- redistribute 17. Joint Committee- committee made up of members of both chambers of a bicameral legislature. 18. Standing Committee- permanent committees found in each chamber of Congress 19. Conference Committee- temporary joint committee created to iron out differences in bill from both chambers, come up with a compromise bill that both chambers will accept before it goes to the president Select Committee: A committee formed to conduct investigations on a specific topic. 20. compensation Eminent Domain- the right of a government to take private property for public use, with payment of 22. responsibility Separation of Powers- government is divided into branches, each with different powers and 24. Pocket Veto- If congress adjourns the session within 10 days of submitting the bill and the president does not act, the measure dies. 25. Veto- refusal to sign a bill 26. Cloture- limited debate , need a majority vote to set a limit on floor time in Senate 27. Copyright- law that gives the owner of a work (for example, a book, movie, picture, song or website) the right to say how other people can use it 28. Patent- gives an inventor the right to stop other people making or using their invention 21. Filibuster- an attempt to talk a bill to death, stalling tactic to attempt to delay or prevent Senate action on a measure 30. Formal Qualifications of a HOR: At least 25 years old, have been a citizen for at least 7 years, live in state from which they are running 31. There are 435 members in the HOR and that number is found after they reapportion after a Census MI has 13 reps 32. Formal Qualifications for Senators:2 senators from each state, at least 30, a citizen for 9 years, live in the state from which they are chosen 33. There are 100 Senators 34. Senate terms are 6 years, House is 2 years 42. The Vice President is the President of the Senate and their role is to preside over the Senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed The Speaker of the House is in charge in the House of Representatives What is the job of the president pro tempore? To fill in if the senate president (VP) is absent 36. Congressional Districts are drawn by State Legislators 37. How can Gerrymandering be used to the advantage of one political party? It can pack the opposing party voters into one area or spread them thinly so they won’t win 38. numbered year Congressional elections are the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every even 40. Who screens the bills that may be made into laws? Congress/Committees in congress 41. Why are committees created? To divide the workload within Congress 44. What are the expressed powers of Congress? Power to declare war, tax, copyright/patent, naturalize citizens, create a post office, print money 45. What are the non legislative powers of Congress? Impeach, propose Constitutional amendments, investigate, elect president if electoral college tie 47. What is the Necessary and Proper Clause? Elastic clause, to do whatever is necessary and proper to carry out the expressed powers Why was it included in the Constitution? To make sure the expressed powers were carried out 49. Bill to law process Look at a flowchart! Introduced - sent to committee- if it survives, to the floor for debate- conference committee- president 50. Where do most bills “die”? Committee 51. What are the options for a president once they have received a bill passed by Congress? Sign it, veto it, set it aside for 10 days and then congress adjourns and is no longer in session so it automatically vetoes (also known as a pocket veto) 52. Congress can override a Presidential veto with ⅔ vote in both chambers 53. What are the rules of debate for the house? Senate? House: no one member can speak for more than 5 min Senate: they can filibuster. Filibuster can end with Cloture or a majority vote to discuss bill again 54. In what ways does Congress check the power of the other branches of government? - Judicial branch: congress can impeach judges and remove them - Executive branch: approve presidential nominations, override vetoes with majority vote 27th Amendment deals with Congressional Pay

ecutive Branch Study Guide Key Define: - Electorate - Treaty - people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election. - International agreement between two or more states in reference to peace, alliance, commerce, or other international relations - Signed by president but approved by Senate - State of the Union - Speech by the president given to both chambers of Congress - Gives a summary of the country - Bureaucracy - Large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization - Independent Agency - Additional agency outside of cabinet departments, with specialized functions - NASA, SSA, epa - Try to be bipartisan and out of politics, - Independent regulatory commission, - Has an economic focus - FCC, FRB, SEC - government corporation - USPS, amtrak - Department - Agencies of cabinet level rank - All of the cabinet departments Hierarchical Authority - Organization that is structured like a pyramid, with a chain of command running from the top down to its base - - Job Specialization - Each person has certain duties and responsibilities - Division of labor - Executive order - rule or order issued by the president to the executive branch of the government and having the force of law. - Law without the legislative branch Know - 8 roles of the president - Duties, examples, responsibilities - Chief Citizen - Representative of people of the USA - Visit locations of natural disasters - Chief of State - Acts as the ceremonial face of the nation - Has power in domestic and foreign affairs - Hands out medals - Chief Executive - Boss of the federal government departments/organization - Holding cabinet meetings - Commander in Chief - In charge of armed forces - Visits military bases - Economic Chief - Expected to help economy run smoothly - Meet with economic advisors - Meet with business leaders - Chief Legislator - Main architect of nation’s public policy - Signs or vetoes laws - Chief Diplomat - Conducts foreign policy - Meets with government officials - Chief of Party - Help to get members of party elected - Leader of the party - Speaking at rally for senate nominee - Formal qualifications of the President - 35 years old - Natural Born Citizen - Live in US for 14 years - Salary of the President - $400,000 - May not be changed during term - $50,000 expense allowance - Presidential Terms - Number allowed and amendment that established this - 2 terms - 22nd Amendment - What caused this? - FDR had been elected to 4 terms - Presidential Succession - Amendment number - 25 - Presidential disability - VP and Cabinet decide on president ability - First 5 people in order of succession - VP - Speaker of the House - President Pro Tempore - Secretary of State - Secretary of the Treasury - War Powers Resolution - Purpose - To limit the president’s war making powers after Vietnam - Check the powers of the president - 3 provisions - Must report scope of action to Congress within 48 hours - Must commit to ending in 60 days - Congress can withdraw troops at anytime - Examples of Undeclared Wars - Vietnam - Korea - Iraq - Foreign Policy - Goals: National security, promote peace, spread democracy, promote trade, provide aid - Treaties and Groups - NA TO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Peaceful relations in atlantic nations post WW2 - Military alliance - USMCA - United States Mexico Canada Agreement - Promote free trade in North America - UN - United Nations - Keep future nations out of war - Maintain peace and security - Job of the Vice President - Formal responsibilities - Be the President of the Senate - Take over/decide the case of Presidential Disability - Cabinet departments - What are they? Executive departments, top advisors to the president - ** Review what they deal with and what they do - - - Who must approve cabinet appointments? - Senate Features of a Bureaucracy - Hierarchical authority - Structured like a pyramid - Chain of command running from few at the top to many at the bottom - Job specialization - Everyone in the hierarchy has certain duties and responsibilities - Formalized rules - Work gets done according to a number of established procedures Checks and Balances of Executive branch - Purpose of Executive Orders - To push through agenda and policies without waiting for Congress - Must relate to how the executive branch operates or be a power of the president - Helps the president address a wide range of issue

Executive Branch Study Guide Define: Electorate Treaty State of the Union Bureaucracy Independent agency Know the different types and examples of them Department (Include Examples) Hierarchical authority Job specialization Executive ORders Know 8 roles of the president Duties, examples, responsibilities Formal qualifications of the President Salary of the President Salary and benefits Presidential Terms Number allowed and amendment that established this What caused this? How long can a president be in office? Presidential Succession Amendment number First 5 people in order of succession War Powers Resolution Purpose 3 provisions Examples of Undeclared Wars Foreign Policy Goals of Foreign Policy Foreign Policy throughout history Treaties and Trade/Peacekeeping Groups USA is involved in What are their purposes? NATO NAFTA/USMCA UN Job of the Vice President Formal Qualifications Cabinet departments What are they? (15) Who must approve cabinet appointments? Purpose of EO Executive Branch Study Guide Key Define: Electorate people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election. Treaty International agreement between two or more states in reference to peace, alliance, commerce, or other international relations Signed by president but approved by Senate State of the Union Speech by the president given to both chambers of Congress Gives a summary of the country Bureaucracy Large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization Independent Agency Additional agency outside of cabinet departments, with specialized functions NASA, SSA, epa Try to be bipartisan and out of politics, Independent regulatory commission, Has an economic focus FCC, FRB, SEC government corporation USPS, amtrak Department Agencies of cabinet level rank All of the cabinet departments Hierarchical Authority Organization that is structured like a pyramid, with a chain of command running from the top down to its base Job Specialization Each person has certain duties and responsibilities Division of labor Executive order rule or order issued by the president to the executive branch of the government and having the force of law. Law without the legislative branch Know 8 roles of the president Duties, examples, responsibilities Chief Citizen Representative of people of the USA Visit locations of natural disasters Chief of State Acts as the ceremonial face of the nation Has power in domestic and foreign affairs Hands out medals Chief Executive Boss of the federal government departments/organization Holding cabinet meetings Commander in Chief In charge of armed forces Visits military bases Economic Chief Expected to help economy run smoothly Meet with economic advisors Meet with business leaders Chief Legislator Main architect of nation’s public policy Signs or vetoes laws Chief Diplomat Conducts foreign policy Meets with government officials Chief of Party Help to get members of party elected Leader of the party Speaking at rally for senate nominee Formal qualifications of the President 35 years old Natural Born Citizen Live in US for 14 years Salary of the President $400,000 May not be changed during term $50,000 expense allowance Presidential Terms Number allowed and amendment that established this 2 terms 22nd Amendment What caused this? FDR had been elected to 4 terms Presidential Succession Amendment number 25 Presidential disability VP and Cabinet decide on president ability First 5 people in order of succession VP Speaker of the House President Pro Tempore Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury War Powers Resolution Purpose To limit the president’s war making powers after Vietnam Check the powers of the president 3 provisions Must report scope of action to Congress within 48 hours Must commit to ending in 60 days Congress can withdraw troops at anytime Examples of Undeclared Wars Vietnam Korea Iraq Foreign Policy Goals: National security, promote peace, spread democracy, promote trade, provide aid Treaties and Groups NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Peaceful relations in atlantic nations post WW2 Military alliance USMCA United States Mexico Canada Agreement Promote free trade in North America UN United Nations Keep future nations out of war Maintain peace and security Job of the Vice President Formal responsibilities Be the President of the Senate Take over/decide the case of Presidential Disability Cabinet departments What are they? Executive departments, top advisors to the president ** Review what they deal with and what they do Who must approve cabinet appointments? Senate Features of a Bureaucracy Hierarchical authority Structured like a pyramid Chain of command running from few at the top to many at the bottom Job specialization Everyone in the hierarchy has certain duties and responsibilities Formalized rules Work gets done according to a number of established procedures Checks and Balances of Executive branch Purpose of Executive Orders To push through agenda and policies without waiting for Congress Must relate to how the executive branch operates or be a power of the president Helps the president address a wide range of issues