Production Diseases

Predicates and Quantifiers

SGT 107 - Supply List #1 : General Supplies

Ethical Procurement and Supply Flashcards

School supplies

3. Classic and Current Techniques in Natural Product Chemistry

Forages - Quiz 3

Labour elasticity of supply (LES)

Chapter 3.4: Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product

demand and supply ECON WEEK TWO

A.p bio 🧪 UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE — TEST CRAM Q&A 🟣 TOPIC 1: BIOLOGY REVIEW & STATISTICS Experimental Design Q: What is the independent variable? A: The variable the scientist changes/manipulates. Q: What is the dependent variable? A: The variable that is measured/observed. Q: Easy way to remember independent vs. dependent? A: Independent = I change it. Dependent = data I collect. Q: In an experiment, fertilizer concentration is changed and plant height is measured. What is the independent variable? A: Fertilizer concentration. Q: What is the dependent variable? A: Plant height. Q: What are constants? A: Things kept the same for every experimental group. Q: What is a control group? A: A group used as a comparison/baseline. Q: What is a positive control? A: A group that should produce a known positive result. Q: What is a negative control? A: A group that should produce no response/result. ⸻ Data & Statistics Q: What is qualitative data? A: Descriptive data that isn’t measured numerically. Example: color, texture, smell. Q: What is quantitative data? A: Numerical/measurable data. Example: 15 cm, 20°C, 5 grams. Q: What is the mean? A: The average: add all values and divide by the number of values. Q: What is the median? A: The middle value when data is arranged from least to greatest. Q: What is the mode? A: The value that occurs most often. Q: What is the range? A: Highest − lowest. Q: What does standard deviation tell you? A: How spread out the data is around the mean. Q: Small standard deviation means what? A: Data points are close together/consistent. Q: Large standard deviation means what? A: Data points are more spread out/variable. Q: If Group A and Group B have similar means, but Group A has a much smaller standard deviation, what does that mean? A: Group A’s data is more consistent and clustered around the mean. Q: What is SEM? A: Standard error of the mean; it estimates how accurately the sample mean represents the population mean. Q: What does a small SEM mean? A: The mean is more precise/reliable. Q: What do error bars show? A: The amount of variation or uncertainty around a mean, depending on what the graph specifies. Q: What should you look for when reading graphs? A: Specific data points, trends, patterns, increases/decreases, and relationships between variables. ⸻ 💧 TOPIC 2: STRUCTURE OF WATER & HYDROGEN BONDING Q: Why is water polar? A: Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so oxygen becomes partially negative and hydrogen becomes partially positive. Q: What does δ− mean? A: Partial negative charge. Q: What does δ+ mean? A: Partial positive charge. Q: What type of bond holds the H and O together inside one water molecule? A: Covalent bond. Q: What type of attraction occurs between different water molecules? A: Hydrogen bonds. Q: What causes water’s cohesion? A: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Q: What is cohesion? A: Water molecules sticking to other water molecules. Q: What is adhesion? A: Water sticking to other surfaces/materials. Q: What causes surface tension? A: Cohesion/hydrogen bonding between water molecules at the surface. Q: What is capillary action? A: Water moving upward through a narrow space because of cohesion + adhesion. Q: Why can water move upward through plants? A: Hydrogen bonding creates cohesion between water molecules, while adhesion helps water interact with the plant’s xylem walls, allowing capillary action. Q: Which interaction is primarily responsible for water cohesion? A: Hydrogen bonds. Q: What is a solute? A: The substance being dissolved. Q: What is a solvent? A: The substance that does the dissolving. Q: What is a solution? A: A solute + solvent mixture. ⭐ MUST KNOW: Polarity → hydrogen bonding → cohesion/adhesion → capillary action → water movement in plants ⸻ 🧬 TOPIC 2: ELEMENTS OF LIFE Q: Why is carbon so important to life? A: Carbon has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form four stable covalent bonds and create many different structures. Q: Why can carbon create such a huge diversity of molecules? A: It can bond with itself and many other elements, creating chains, rings, branches, and complex structures. Q: What four major macromolecules are built from carbon? A: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Q: What element is especially important in amino acids and nitrogenous bases? A: Nitrogen. Q: What element is found in nucleic acids and certain lipids? A: Phosphorus. Functional Groups Q: What is a functional group? A: A group of atoms that gives an organic molecule specific chemical properties and behaviors. Q: What are the major functional groups you need to know? A: Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate. Q: What is a hydroxyl group? A: –OH Q: What is a carboxyl group? A: –COOH Q: What is an amino group? A: –NH₂ Q: What is a phosphate group? A: –PO₄ group. Q: What is a carbonyl group? A: A carbon double-bonded to oxygen: C=O. Q: What is a hydrocarbon? A: A molecule made only of carbon and hydrogen. ⸻ 🔗 TOPIC 3: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Q: What is a monomer? A: A small building block that can join with others. Q: What is a polymer? A: A large molecule made from repeating monomers. Q: What are the four major biological macromolecules? A: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids. Q: What is dehydration synthesis? A: A process that joins monomers by forming a covalent bond and removing H₂O. Q: What is hydrolysis? A: A process that breaks covalent bonds by adding H₂O. 🧠 REMEMBER: Dehydration = take water OUT → build Hydrolysis = add water → break Q: Which process joins monomers to form a polymer? A: Dehydration synthesis. Q: Which process breaks polymers apart? A: Hydrolysis. Q: What happens to water during dehydration synthesis? A: Water is removed/released. Q: What happens to water during hydrolysis? A: Water is added. ⸻ 🍞 TOPIC 4: PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Carbohydrates Q: What is a monosaccharide? A: A single sugar monomer. Q: What is a polysaccharide? A: A carbohydrate polymer made of many sugar units. Q: What is starch used for? A: Energy storage in plants. Q: What is glycogen used for? A: Energy storage in animals. Q: What is cellulose used for? A: Structural support in plant cell walls. ⸻ Proteins Q: What are proteins made of? A: Amino acids. Q: What is the monomer of a protein? A: Amino acid. Q: What part of an amino acid varies between amino acids? A: The R group. Q: Why are R groups important? A: Their different properties affect how a protein folds and functions. ⸻ Lipids Q: Are lipids generally polar or nonpolar? A: Mostly nonpolar/hydrophobic. Q: What does hydrophobic mean? A: Water-fearing; doesn’t mix well with water. Q: What does hydrophilic mean? A: Water-loving; interacts with water. Q: What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? A: Saturated = no C=C double bonds. Unsaturated = one or more C=C double bonds. Q: Which fatty acid has more bends/kinks? A: Unsaturated fatty acid. Q: Why do unsaturated fatty acids have kinks? A: Their double bonds bend the carbon chain. ⸻ Phospholipids Q: What two types of regions does a phospholipid have? A: A polar hydrophilic head and nonpolar hydrophobic tails. Q: Why are phospholipids important in cells? A: They form the cell membrane bilayer. Q: Why do phospholipids form a bilayer? A: The hydrophilic heads face the watery environments while the hydrophobic tails face inward away from water. ⸻ Nucleic Acids Q: What do nucleic acids do? A: They store and transmit biological information. Q: What is the monomer of nucleic acids? A: Nucleotide. Q: What are nucleotides made of? A: A 5-carbon sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base. ⸻ 🧩 TOPIC 5: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Protein Structure Q: What determines a protein’s primary structure? A: The sequence of amino acids. Q: What is secondary protein structure? A: Local folding into structures such as alpha helices and beta sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Q: What is tertiary structure? A: The overall 3D shape of one polypeptide. Q: What is quaternary structure? A: Multiple polypeptide chains/subunits working together. ⭐ KNOW THIS ORDER: Primary → Secondary → Tertiary → Quaternary Q: Why can changing one amino acid affect protein function? A: It can change interactions between amino acids, which can change the protein’s shape, potentially changing its function. Q: What is denaturation? A: When a protein loses its normal shape, causing it to lose or reduce its function. Q: What can cause protein denaturation? A: Things such as high temperature or extreme pH. ⸻ DNA Structure Q: What does antiparallel mean? A: The two DNA strands run in opposite directions: one 5’ → 3’ and the other 3’ → 5’. Q: Why is DNA directionality important? A: DNA strands have specific 5’ and 3’ ends, which determines how they are read and copied. ⸻ Carbohydrate Structure Q: Why can two carbohydrates made from similar sugar monomers have different functions? A: Their monomers can have different arrangements, bonding, branching, and structures, which changes their properties and functions. Q: Example of this? A: Starch and cellulose are both made from glucose, but their different bonding/arrangements give them different functions. ⸻ 🧬 TOPIC 6: NUCLEIC ACIDS Q: What are the three parts of a nucleotide? A: 5-carbon sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base. Q: What sugar is found in DNA? A: Deoxyribose. Q: What sugar is found in RNA? A: Ribose. Q: What nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not RNA? A: Thymine (T). Q: What nitrogenous base is found in RNA instead of thymine? A: Uracil (U). Q: Is DNA usually single- or double-stranded? A: Double-stranded. Q: Is RNA usually single- or double-stranded? A: Single-stranded. Q: What does DNA store? A: Genetic/biological information. Q: What connects nucleotides together? A: Covalent bonds form the sugar-phosphate backbone. ⸻ 🧬 Base Pairing Q: What does A pair with in DNA? A: T Q: What does T pair with? A: A Q: What does C pair with? A: G Q: What does G pair with? A: C RNA: A ↔ U C ↔ G Q: If one DNA strand is 5’-ACGTAC-3’, what is the complementary strand? A: 3’-TGCATG-5’ Q: Why is it written 3’ → 5’? A: Because DNA strands are antiparallel. ⸻ 🔥 UNIT 1 BIG CONNECTIONS — YOUR TEACHER WILL LOVE THESE Q: Explain the water connection. A: Water’s polarity causes hydrogen bonding, which produces properties like cohesion and adhesion that are important for biological functions such as water movement through plants. Q: Explain the carbon connection. A: Carbon’s four valence electrons allow it to form many covalent bonds, creating the huge diversity of biological molecules. Q: Explain the macromolecule connection. A: Monomers join → polymers/macromolecules form → their structure determines their properties and function. Q: Explain the protein connection. A: Amino acid sequence → protein shape → protein function. Q: Explain the DNA connection. A: Nucleotide sequence → biological/genetic information. Q: Explain the experiment connection. A: Experimental design → data → analysis → evidence → biological conclusion. ⸻ 🚨 15 QUESTIONS YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER WITHOUT LOOKING What is the independent variable?     → What you change. What is the dependent variable?     → What you measure. Small standard deviation means…?     → Data is consistent/close together. Why is water polar?     → Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. What causes cohesion?     → Hydrogen bonding. What causes capillary action?     → Cohesion + adhesion. Why is carbon so versatile?     → Four valence electrons. What joins monomers?     → Dehydration synthesis. What breaks polymers?     → Hydrolysis. Protein monomer?     → Amino acid. Nucleic acid monomer?     → Nucleotide. Unsaturated fatty acids have what?     → Double bonds and kinks. What determines protein shape?     → Amino acid sequence/interactions. DNA sugar/base?     → Deoxyribose + thymine. DNA strands are…?     → Double-stranded and antiparallel. 🧠 LAST-MINUTE MEMORY CHAIN Memorize this exact chain: Water: POLAR → H-BONDS → COHESION/ADHESION → CAPILLARY ACTION Macromolecules: MONOMER → DEHYDRATION → POLYMER Breaking: POLYMER → HYDROLYSIS → MONOMERS Protein: AMINO ACID SEQUENCE → SHAPE → FUNCTION DNA: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE → INFORMATION Experiment: INDEPENDENT → DEPENDENT → DATA → EVIDENCE → CONCLUSION

Principles of Macroeconomics - Chapter 3: Demand and Supply Flashcards

Narrative Vision - Film Production Terminology

Chapter 1 : Cell Biology The study of cells, their structures, and their functions. Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of one or more cells; cells are the smallest living things and basic units of organization; cells arise only from previously existing cells. Fundamental Unit of Life The cell. Plasma Membrane A structure found in all cells that surrounds the cell. Cytoplasm The area of the cell that includes the cytosol. Cytosol The fluid portion of the cell outside the organelles. Genetic Material The DNA contained within cells. Prokaryote An organism whose cells do not have a true nucleus. Eukaryote An organism whose cells have a true nucleus. Prokaryotes Bacteria and Archaea. Eukaryotes Animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Prokaryotic Cell Usually a single cell with no true nucleus and typically one circular chromosome. Eukaryotic Cell A cell with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. True Nucleus A nucleus that contains DNA and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Virus A non-cellular entity that requires cells to survive and reproduce. Obligate Intracellular Parasite An organism or entity that requires a cell to survive and reproduce; viruses are sometimes called this. Light Microscope A microscope that can be used to view live or dead cells and can show structures such as the membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and larger organelles. Electron Microscope A microscope with much higher resolution than a light microscope; specimens must be fixed (dead). TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy; used to examine thin sections of tissues and internal structures. SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy; used to examine surfaces of cells or tissues. Fluorescence Microscopy Microscopy that uses fluorescent labels to see specific tagged cell structures. Cell Resolution The human eye resolves about 200 µm, while typical cells are about 5–20 µm. Nucleus Contains DNA and is involved in DNA replication. Mitochondria Organelles that make ATP through aerobic cellular respiration. ATP The energy-containing molecule produced by mitochondria. Aerobic Cellular Respiration The process carried out by mitochondria to make ATP. Chloroplast An organelle involved in photosynthesis and found in plant cells. Photosynthesis The process in which light energy and CO2 are used to produce food. Rough ER The organelle involved in making proteins; it has ribosomes attached to it. Ribosomes Structures associated with the rough ER that are involved in protein production. Smooth ER An organelle involved in making lipids, storage, and modifying carbohydrates. Golgi Apparatus Modifies and sorts proteins and helps transport them. Vesicle A membrane-bound structure involved in transporting materials between organelles and to the plasma membrane. Exocytosis The process involving vesicles releasing materials through the plasma membrane. Cytoskeleton A system of filaments important for cell organization, structure, and movement. Actin Filaments Cytoskeletal structures involved in muscle contraction, cell crawling, cell shape, and pseudopodial cell extension. Microtubules Cytoskeletal structures involved in vesicle transport, chromosome movement, cilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle. Intermediate Filaments Cytoskeletal structures important for stability and structural support. Mitotic Spindle A structure made of microtubules that helps move chromosomes during cell division. Cell Wall A structure found in plant cells and many prokaryotes that provides support. Vacuole A structure found in plant cells; plant cells have vacuoles in addition to their other organelles. Endosymbiosis The engulfment of bacteria by a larger cell. Endosymbiont Theory The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral cells. Mitochondrial Origin According to endosymbiont theory, mitochondria arose from an aerobic bacterium taken up by an anaerobic bacteria-like ancestor of eukaryotic cells. Chloroplast Origin According to endosymbiont theory, chloroplasts arose from photosynthetic bacteria taken up by an aerobic eukaryotic ancestor of plants. Evidence for Endosymbiont Theory Mitochondria and chloroplasts are bacteria-sized, have two membranes, have bacterial-like ribosomes, contain their own DNA, and divide similarly to bacteria. Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondria contain their own DNA, including a single circular chromosome similar to bacteria. Chloroplast DNA Chloroplasts contain their own DNA, including a single circular chromosome similar to bacteria. Double Membrane Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes, supporting the endosymbiont theory. Common Ancestor Hypothesis The hypothesis that organisms descended from an ancestral prokaryote called LUCA or LUA. LUCA The Last Universal Common Ancestor; an ancestral prokaryote in the common ancestor hypothesis. Genome The genetic material of an organism, containing protein-coding genes and regulatory regions.y

Predicting Products

Predicting Products: Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Chapter 1 : Cell Biology The study of cells, their structures, and their functions. Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of one or more cells; cells are the smallest living things and basic units of organization; cells arise only from previously existing cells. Fundamental Unit of Life The cell. Plasma Membrane A structure found in all cells that surrounds the cell. Cytoplasm The area of the cell that includes the cytosol. Cytosol The fluid portion of the cell outside the organelles. Genetic Material The DNA contained within cells. Prokaryote An organism whose cells do not have a true nucleus. Eukaryote An organism whose cells have a true nucleus. Prokaryotes Bacteria and Archaea. Eukaryotes Animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Prokaryotic Cell Usually a single cell with no true nucleus and typically one circular chromosome. Eukaryotic Cell A cell with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. True Nucleus A nucleus that contains DNA and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Virus A non-cellular entity that requires cells to survive and reproduce. Obligate Intracellular Parasite An organism or entity that requires a cell to survive and reproduce; viruses are sometimes called this. Light Microscope A microscope that can be used to view live or dead cells and can show structures such as the membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and larger organelles. Electron Microscope A microscope with much higher resolution than a light microscope; specimens must be fixed (dead). TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy; used to examine thin sections of tissues and internal structures. SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy; used to examine surfaces of cells or tissues. Fluorescence Microscopy Microscopy that uses fluorescent labels to see specific tagged cell structures. Cell Resolution The human eye resolves about 200 µm, while typical cells are about 5–20 µm. Nucleus Contains DNA and is involved in DNA replication. Mitochondria Organelles that make ATP through aerobic cellular respiration. ATP The energy-containing molecule produced by mitochondria. Aerobic Cellular Respiration The process carried out by mitochondria to make ATP. Chloroplast An organelle involved in photosynthesis and found in plant cells. Photosynthesis The process in which light energy and CO2 are used to produce food. Rough ER The organelle involved in making proteins; it has ribosomes attached to it. Ribosomes Structures associated with the rough ER that are involved in protein production. Smooth ER An organelle involved in making lipids, storage, and modifying carbohydrates. Golgi Apparatus Modifies and sorts proteins and helps transport them. Vesicle A membrane-bound structure involved in transporting materials between organelles and to the plasma membrane. Exocytosis The process involving vesicles releasing materials through the plasma membrane. Cytoskeleton A system of filaments important for cell organization, structure, and movement. Actin Filaments Cytoskeletal structures involved in muscle contraction, cell crawling, cell shape, and pseudopodial cell extension. Microtubules Cytoskeletal structures involved in vesicle transport, chromosome movement, cilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle. Intermediate Filaments Cytoskeletal structures important for stability and structural support. Mitotic Spindle A structure made of microtubules that helps move chromosomes during cell division. Cell Wall A structure found in plant cells and many prokaryotes that provides support. Vacuole A structure found in plant cells; plant cells have vacuoles in addition to their other organelles. Endosymbiosis The engulfment of bacteria by a larger cell. Endosymbiont Theory The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral cells. Mitochondrial Origin According to endosymbiont theory, mitochondria arose from an aerobic bacterium taken up by an anaerobic bacteria-like ancestor of eukaryotic cells. Chloroplast Origin According to endosymbiont theory, chloroplasts arose from photosynthetic bacteria taken up by an aerobic eukaryotic ancestor of plants. Evidence for Endosymbiont Theory Mitochondria and chloroplasts are bacteria-sized, have two membranes, have bacterial-like ribosomes, contain their own DNA, and divide similarly to bacteria. Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondria contain their own DNA, including a single circular chromosome similar to bacteria. Chloroplast DNA Chloroplasts contain their own DNA, including a single circular chromosome similar to bacteria. Double Membrane Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes, supporting the endosymbiont theory. Common Ancestor Hypothesis The hypothesis that organisms descended from an ancestral prokaryote called LUCA or LUA. LUCA The Last Universal Common Ancestor; an ancestral prokaryote in the common ancestor hypothesis. Genome The genetic material of an organism, containing protein-coding genes and regulatory regions.

BUS 241: Introduction to Production & Operations Management

Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply (Mankiw)

Oper & Supply Key Terms