Results for "leeuwenhoek"

Gram Staining and Anton van Leeuwenhoek's Discoveries

microorganisms are organisms too small to be seen with a naked eye Includes bacteria, fungi, Protozoa, microscopic, algae, and viruses Or pathogenic causes diseases Majority are helpful Decompose organic waste (planet not be filled with dead organic waste) Produce industrial chemicals, such as ethanol and acetone Produces fermented food like vinegar, cheese, and bread Produce products used in manufacturing and disease treatment History of microbiology Greek air with bad older causes diseases or could catch disease by breathing bad air Romans believed in Miasma hypothesis and created a complex sanitation infrastructure to deal with sewage Build aqueducts that brought freshwater in Giant sewer, Cloaca Maxima that carried waste away and into the river Tiber Greek physician HIPPOCRATES (460-370 BC) Father of Western medicine Dismiss the idea that diseases come from supernatural forces Diseases have natural causes from patients environment THUCYDIDES observed that survivors of Athenian plague where immune to the infection after MARCUS TERENTIUS VARRO propose the diseases can be caused by certain minute disease, causing animals to small to be seen The birth of microbiology Antonine Van Leeuwenhoek: first, to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes The golden age of Michael biology 1857-1914 Louis Pasteur French Chemist Introduce discrimination, pasteurization and vaccines for the treatment of diseases, mostly in rabies and animals and humans Rober Koch German Physician First to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated micro, and a known human disease Discovered the bacteria Anthrax (Bacillos anthracis) Cholera (Vibrio Cholera) Tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis) Microbiology toolbox Microscopes produce magnified images of microorganisms Stains and dyes are used to add color to microbes, so they are more visible in a microscope Growth Media are used to grow microorganisms in the lab Petri dish flat lidded dish typically 10 to 11 cm in diameter and 1 - 1.5 cm Test tube, cylindrical, plastic or glass two used to grow microbes in broth or semi solid or solid gross media Bunsen burner metal apparatus creates a flame used to sterilize equipment Micro incinerators, have same sterilization purpose with no open flame Inoculation loop handle with a small wire loop on one end Binomial nomenclature: where the first part of a name is the genus name and the species name after. Naming and Classifying Microorganisms Carl Linnaeus- Binomial nomenclature Each organism has two names the genus and species ESCHERICHIA COLI Honors the discoverer, Theodore Escherichia Describes the bacterium’s habitat the large intestine or colon Three Domains: Bacteria (prokaryote) , Archaea(prokaryote), and Eukarya ( Eukaryote) 4 major kingdoms: Protists ( “catchall”) Fungi Plants Animals Prokaryotic Microorganisms: BACTERIA (unicellular) found in nearly every habitat on earth: including within and on humans Most are harmless or helpful They don’t have a nucleus or nuclei Their genetic material is located in the nucleoid and not a true nucleus Most have cell walls that have peptidoglycan Coccus: Circular Bacillus: little rods Vibrio: slightly curved rod Coccobacillus: oval shaped Spirillum: spiral Spirochete: long loose helical spiral (cork screw) Prokaryotic Microorganisms: ARCHAEA (unicellular) found in nearly every habitat on earth Include extreme environments that are very cold, hot, basic, or very acidic Lack Peptidoglycan cell walls instead are made of Pseudomurein No known human pathogen, completely harmless EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS cells have a nucleus (major feature where the genetic material is enclosed) Uni or multicellular The kingdoms are Protists, fungi, plants, and animals Plant like protists= algae Animal like protists= protozoans EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS: PROTISTS eukaryotes that are not plant, animals, or fungi Ex: ALgae and Protozoa Algae: Cellulose Cell Walls Use photosynthesis for energy PROTOZOA Very diverse Live as free entities or as “parasites” May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Some are pathogens FUNGI yeast are unicellular Good (fermentation) Cell walls are made of Chitin Not photosynthetic (no pigments to trap energy from sun) they depend on other organisms VIRUSES ( do not fall into any domains) ACELLULAR (not composed of cells) They have either DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat and genetic material ( can be enclosed in a lipid envelope) Replicate only when they are in a living host (“obligate parasite”) Terms that fall under Microbiology: Bacteriology: study of bacteria Mycology: study of fungi Protozoology: study of Protozoa Virology: the study of viruses Parasitology: the study of Protozoa and parasitic worms

CH4: Cell Structure