WORLD HISTORY SEMESTER EXAM STUDY GUIDE UNIT 5: WORLD WAR I & THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Murder of Austria-Hungary's heir that triggered WWI. Militarism Building up armed forces. Alliances Agreements to defend one another. Imperialism Expanding power through colonies. Nationalism Strong pride in one's nation. Schlieffen Plan Germany's plan to defeat France quickly. Total War Using all national resources for war. New Military Technology Machine Gun Rapid-fire weapon. Tank Armored combat vehicle. Airplane Used for scouting and attacks. Poison Gas Chemical weapon. Propaganda Information used to influence people. Lusitania British ship sunk by Germany. Treaty of Versailles Peace treaty ending WWI. League of Nations Organization created to keep peace. War Communism Government control of Russia's economy. USSR Communist state formed in 1922. Stalin Soviet dictator who expanded government control. UNIT 6: RISE OF DICTATORS & WORLD WAR II Fascist Government led by a dictator. Totalitarian Government with total control. Authoritarian Government limiting freedoms. Communist Government controls the economy. Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy. Five-Year Plan Stalin's industrial program. Adolf Hitler Leader of Nazi Germany. Nazi Party Hitler's political party. Final Solution Nazi plan to kill Europe's Jews. Hyperinflation Extreme rise in prices. Aggression and Instability Countries used force to gain land. Appeasement Giving in to avoid war. Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany and USSR agreed not to fight. Pearl Harbor Attack that brought the U.S. into WWII. Blitzkrieg Fast attack using tanks and planes. D-Day Allied invasion of Normandy. Franklin D. Roosevelt U.S. president during WWII. Winston Churchill British prime minister during WWII. Dwight Eisenhower Commander of the D-Day invasion. Manhattan Project Program that developed the atomic bomb. UNIT 7: ASIA, AFRICA, & THE MIDDLE EAST Mandate System League of Nations control over territories. Israel Jewish state created in 1948. Palestine Region claimed by Arabs and Jews. Jerusalem Holy city claimed by both sides. Golan Heights Strategic land captured from Syria. Sinai Peninsula Egyptian land occupied after war. Arab-Israeli Conflict Long struggle between Israel and Arab nations. Palestinian Refugees (Where?) Many fled to nearby Arab countries. Palestinian Refugees (Effects) Created long-term tensions. MIDDLE EAST Iran-Iraq War Eight-year war between Iran and Iraq. Persian Gulf War War to free Kuwait from Iraq. Islamic Revolution Iran became an Islamic republic. Soviets in Afghanistan Soviet invasion in 1979. Taliban Islamic group that ruled Afghanistan. The Iraq War U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Syrian Civil War War between Syria's government and rebels. Al Qaeda and September 11 Attacks Terrorist attacks on the U.S. in 2001. War in Afghanistan U.S. war against terrorism. ISIS Extremist group that seized territory. AFRICA Berlin Conference European powers divided Africa. Britain Controlled large African colonies. Belgium Ruled the Congo. Germany Held several African colonies. African Independence Freedom from colonial rule. African National Congress (ANC) Group that fought apartheid. Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) Group promoting African self-rule. Apartheid Racial segregation in South Africa. Nelson Mandela Leader who helped end apartheid. Rwandan Genocide Mass killing in Rwanda in 1994. Hutu Ethnic majority in Rwanda. Tutsi Ethnic minority targeted in the genocide

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Tile/paper the walls - położyć kafelki/ tapetę na sciane Give sb notice to quit their flat- wręczyć komuś nakaz opuszczenia mieszkania Lease runs for / runs out in - najem jest ważny przez / kończy się w Let out a house / flat - wynająć komuś dom/ mieszkanie Provide a guarantor/ references - wskazać poręczyciela/ dostarczyć referencje Sign a lease - podpisać umowę najmu Sublet - podnajmować Take (in) a lodger - przyjac sublokatora Take on a high rent - wziąć na siebie płacenie wysokiego czynszu Tenant - lokator Terminate a contract - rozwiązać umowę Terms of a lease - warunki umowy najmu Apply for/ take out/ secure a mortgage - ubiegać się o / wziąć/ zapewnić sobie kredyt hipoteczny Be gazumped- zostać przebitym Close the deal on sth - zawrzeć umowę czegoś Exchange contracts - sfinalizować umowę kupna sprzedaży nieruchomości Factor in the full / additional costs - uwzględnić wszystkie / dodatkowe koszty Get a survey done - zamówić ekspertyzę Go/ fall through - dojść/ nie dojść do skutku High demand for properties - duży popyt na nieruchomości Housing association - wspólnota mieszkaniowa Pay stamp duty - zapłacić opłatę skarbową Repossess a house - odebrać dom osobie nie spłacającej rat kredytu hipotecznego The property is under offer - ktoś złożył ofertę na zakup tej nieruchomości Declutter - pozbyć się nie potrzebnych rzeczy Dismantle the furniture - demontować meble Fixtures and fittings- osprzęt i wyposażenie Fragile/ breakable items - delikatne - kruche przedmioty Housewarming (Party) - parapetówka Lug boxes up and down the stairs - wnosić pudła w górę / dół po schodach Redirect your mail - przekierować pocztę Sturdy/ heavy-duty moving boxes - wytrzymałe kartony do przeprowadzki Use a (long term ) storage facility- korzystać z przechowywani (długoterminowej) Concrete - beton Cornerstone- kamień węgielny Draw up plans - sporządzać plany Flagstone - płyta chodnikowa Flight on stairs/ steps - kondygnacja schodów Insulation - izolacja/ ocieplenie budynku Landscape architecture - architektura krajobrazu Lay the foundations - kłaść fundamenty Marble- marmur Oversee a project - nadzorować projekt Planning permission / consent - pozwolenie na budowę Plot (of land ) - działka Sewage system - kanalizacja Slate / roof tile - dachówka Stairway - klatka schodowa Timber / lumber - drewno Under construction - w budowie Wiring - instalacja elektryczna Chamber - Komnata Dome - kopuła Edifice - gmach Passage - korytarz Post - słup Temple - świątynia Walkway - Kładka Dimensions - wymiary Cracked plaster - pęknięty tynk ill- fitting shutters/ windows frame - źle dopasowane okiennice / ramy okienne Leaky pipe - nieszczelna rura Rising damp - wilgoć podciągająca od ziemi

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Word — Arabic meaning English meaning: short definition Example: sentence ⸻ Obligated — ملزم English meaning: required to do something Example: I am obligated to follow the rules. Accountability — مسؤولية English meaning: being responsible for your actions Example: Good leaders show accountability. Sarcastic — ساخر English meaning: using irony to mock someone Example: He made a sarcastic comment. Accomplishment — إنجاز English meaning: something successfully achieved Example: Graduating was a major accomplishment. Extracurricular — خارج المنهج English meaning: outside regular classes Example: She joined extracurricular activities. Enrollment — تسجيل English meaning: the act of signing up Example: Enrollment begins next week. Constantly — باستمرار English meaning: all the time Example: He constantly checks his phone. Staple — أساسي English meaning: an important or common item Example: Rice is a staple food. Stable — مستقر English meaning: steady and secure Example: She has a stable job. Knowledge — معرفة English meaning: information and understanding Example: Reading increases knowledge. Acknowledge — يعترف English meaning: admit or recognize Example: He acknowledged his mistake. Animosity — عداء English meaning: strong dislike Example: There was animosity between them. Contingent — معتمد على English meaning: depending on something Example: Success is contingent on effort. Irreversible — لا رجعة فيه English meaning: cannot be undone Example: The damage was irreversible. Protest — احتجاج English meaning: public expression of disagreement Example: Thousands joined the protest. Boundaries — حدود English meaning: personal limits Example: Healthy relationships need boundaries. Stubborn — عنيد English meaning: unwilling to change opinion Example: He is too stubborn to listen. Lack — نقص English meaning: absence of something Example: Lack of sleep affects health. Empathy — تعاطف English meaning: understanding others’ feelings Example: Nurses need empathy. Proximity — قرب English meaning: nearness Example: The school is in close proximity. Appropriate — مناسب English meaning: suitable Example: Wear appropriate clothing. Instantly — فورًا English meaning: immediately Example: She instantly recognized him. Conscience — ضمير English meaning: sense of right and wrong Example: His conscience bothered him. Curse — لعنة English meaning: a wish of harm or bad luck Example: They believed it was a curse. Intended — مقصود English meaning: planned or meant Example: That was the intended result. Enunciate — ينطق بوضوح English meaning: pronounce clearly Example: Please enunciate each word. Controversial — مثير للجدل English meaning: causing disagreement Example: It is a controversial topic. Underestimate — يقلل من شأن English meaning: think something is smaller or weaker than it is Example: Don’t underestimate yourself. Narcissistic — نرجسي English meaning: excessively self-focused Example: He has narcissistic traits. Arrogant — متكبر English meaning: acting superior to others Example: She sounded arrogant. Maintenance — صيانة English meaning: keeping something working properly Example: The car needs maintenance. Expert — خبير English meaning: highly skilled person Example: She is an expert in aviation. Tarnish — يشوه English meaning: damage reputation or appearance Example: The scandal tarnished his image. Components — مكونات English meaning: parts of something Example: The machine has many components. Atheist — ملحد English meaning: a person who does not believe in gods Example: He identifies as an atheist. Wrinkle — تجعد English meaning: a line in skin or fabric Example: She noticed a wrinkle on her shirt. Temporary — مؤقت English meaning: not permanent Example: The closure is temporary. Mutual — متبادل English meaning: shared by both sides Example: They have mutual respect. Empathize — يتعاطف English meaning: understand someone’s feelings Example: I empathize with her situation. Ironic — ساخر/مفارق English meaning: opposite of what is expected Example: It’s ironic that he forgot his memory book. Clinic — عيادة English meaning: small medical facility Example: She visited the clinic. Rehab — إعادة تأهيل English meaning: treatment and recovery program Example: He went to rehab after the injury. Intense — شديد English meaning: very strong Example: The competition was intense. Overwhelming — طاغٍ English meaning: too much to handle Example: The workload felt overwhelming. Invented — اخترع English meaning: created for the first time Example: Edison invented many devices. Generous — كريم English meaning: willing to give Example: She is generous with her time. Incident — حادثة English meaning: an event, usually unexpected Example: The incident was reported immediately. Abbreviation — اختصار English meaning: shortened form of a word Example: USA is an abbreviation