Results for "fundamental postulate"

PSYCH1018 individual differences

BCO-13-Block-01-1

CHEM_6B_FOCUS_3A_3E_1_slide

Chapter 5 - Theories of Personality

Sp25CHEM104

11. PP george kelly

Untitled Flashcards Set

DocScanner 19 Nov 2024 10-21 am

AP PSYCH PEOPLE

Psych Exam 4 (copy)

Psych Exam 4

Lecture Notes on Theories of Crime Introduction Forensic Psychology Lecture Topic 2: Theories of Crime Questions about Stuart's behavior and psychology's role in assisting the police, courts, and rehabilitation. Biological Theories (Page 7-16) Humours theory based on Hippocrates and Galen's work. Melancholic (black bile) - sad, depressed choleric (yellow bile) - cranky, easily upset < common assault > Phlegmatic (phlegm) - inactive, apathetic < fencing goods > Sanguine humoursre (blood)- changeable, temperamental. related to personality and crimes. Phrenology by Franz Joseph Gall linked personality to skull shape. Body Types theory by William Sheldon categorized personalities based on body types. Modern Biological Theories include Chromosome Abnormality, Neurological Damage, Hormonal Changes, and Biochemical Reactions. Examples like the Twinkie Defense and Subway Defense show how biological factors can be used in legal cases. Sociological/Criminological Theories (Page 19-20) Differential Association Theory focuses on learning criminal behavior through associations. Strain Theory suggests crime results from socio-economic tension. Perspectives on Human Nature (Page 21-23) Nature/Nurture, Past/Present, Free Will/Determinism, Uniqueness/Universality, Equilibrium/Growth, Good/Evil, Rational/Irrational perspectives on human behavior. Psychological Perspectives on Personality (Page 24-27) Psychoanalytic Perspective by Sigmund Freud emphasizing the unconscious and psychosexual development. Behavioural Perspective by John Watson and B.F. Skinner focusing on observable behavior. Humanistic Perspective by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow highlighting self-actualization and personal growth. Cognitive Perspective by George Kelly exploring human thought processes. Conclusion Various theories in forensic psychology help understand criminal behavior and personality traits. Page 28 Structures of the Mind Ego: Acts as a "referee" between Id and Superego, exists in conscious and unconscious Superego: Represents the quest for moral perfection, mostly unconscious Freudian Concepts Freudian Slips, Dreams, Rorschach Test, and the Unconscious Page 32 Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral Stage: Birth-2 years, emphasis on the mouth, id is the only structure Anal Stage: 2-3 years, conflict related to defecation and social rules Phallic Stage: 4-5 years, focus on the genital area, Oedipal and Electra Complexes Traits Oral traits: Gullibility, dependence Anal traits: Cruelty, punctuality, cleanliness Phallic traits: Feminine wiles, assertiveness Page 39 Behavioral Perspective Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning in animals Classical Conditioning Association of conditioned stimulus with unconditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response Page 45 B.F. Skinner Extends Watson's work to complex behaviors and reinforcement Focuses on punishment and positive reinforcement using rat psychology Page 47 Operant Conditioning Goal and Direction of Intervention Reinforcement Types: Primary, Secondary, Punishment, Positive Reinforcer Page 51 Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Reinforcement vs. Partial Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement Schedules Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio Page 54 Applying Operant Conditioning to Forensic Psychology SMART Model: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-Restricted Page 56 Behaviorist Perspective on Human Nature Nature/Nurture, Past/Present, Free Will/Determinism, Uniqueness/Universality, Equilibrium/Growth, Good/Evil, Rational/Irrational Page 57 Basis of Personality Defined as behaviors shaped by associations with reinforcement or punishment Cause of Criminal Behavior Due to strong association between criminal actions and positive reinforcement or punishment Altering the Criminal Personality Achieved through the Operant Conditioning Model Page 58 Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura Humans learn through modeling and non-direct reinforcers Higher cognitive capacity allows learning through threats and punishments Page 59 Modelling Operant conditioning applied in humans by observing others receiving reinforcement Threats and Promises Humans understand the connection between words and potential reinforcement Page 60 Effective Threats and Promises Limited use, specificity, realism, history/reputation, reciprocal impact Page 61 Humanistic Perspective Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focus on peace, love, and human psychology Page 62 Basis of Personality Based on a healthy population, humans are inherently good Holistic approach to personality Page 63 Humanist (Rogers) Perspective on Human Nature Covers nature/nurture, past/present, free will/determinism, uniqueness/universality, equilibrium/growth, good/evil, rational/irrational Page 64 Basis of Personality Defined by self-actualization's impact on behavior Cause of Criminal Behavior Abnormal response due to blocked path to self-actualization Page 65 Altering the Criminal Personality Growth through relationships with genuine, accepting, empathetic individuals Active listening as an engagement technique Page 67 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Covers physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization needs Page 68 Basic Self-Human Actualization Needs Includes creativity, problem-solving, authenticity, self-esteem, social needs, safety, and physiological needs Page 70 Altering the Criminal Personality Help individuals identify acceptable paths to move beyond lower-level needs Page 72 Cognitive Perspective by George Kelly Emphasizes thinking as the basis for personality Humans are motivated to understand the world through logic and rational thought Page 73 Fundamental Postulate Individuals interpret objects/events cognitively to guide behavior and predict others' behavior Page 77 Cognitive Perspective Personality results from behaviors and mental processes Cause of Criminal Behavior Abnormal mental processes and behavioral patterns Altering the Criminal Personality Changes through training/learning like Cognitive-Behavioral Programs Page 78 CBA in Corrections & Justice Cognitive-Behavioral Approach is commonly used for intervention/rehabilitation Components include cognitive impact, reward/punishment strategy, holistic

chapter 10: personality

Chapter 11: Personality

CHAPTER 2: SPACE AND TIME

Theories of Personality: George Kelly