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Identifying with one's own nations and support of its interests Idea that Nation (people) should be the state (country) Nation People who share a common culture, language, territory, and government 1848 Revolutions Wanted liberal change, heavily influenced by ideas of Enlightenment -Democratic -Nationalistic Italy was divided into multiple kingdoms and city states Northern Italy to rebel and unite under King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont Sardinia Constitutional monarchy Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirt rebels in the south Too radical and southern Italians join with northern Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia 1871 Italy Fully United Italy becomes united under Constitutional Monarchy Prussia and Austria emerge as two major German powers Otto Von Bismarck Chancellor of Prussia Unite German people under Prussian leadership Realpolitik Politics based on reality not morals 1871 German Empire created Ottoman empire Ruled by Turks Extremely diverse Culturally Ethnically Religiously Ottoman empire Muhammad Ali fights war with Ottomans Tie results in Egypt being independent Selim III tries to modernize and reform based on enlightenment Janissaries resist Balkans independence Russia supports fellow Slavs, Serbia effectively Independent 1815 Western Europe helps the Greeks (nationalism/racism) Greece Independant 1829 Ottoman empire loses territory in Europe and Africa to independence movements Ottoman empire known as “the sick man of Europe” Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective 1 Explain how economic systems transformed during the period of 1750-1900. Historical Developments Summarize industrialization and its impact. (see 5.3 reading guide) Industrialization, the increased mechanization of production, and the Social! changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences. Such as Increased agricultural production and greater individual accumulation of capital. I reshaped Society, increasing world population, shitting people from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption of goods Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective 2 Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments Britain’s Industrial Advantages • Mineral and colonel resources - used resources for fuel and manufacturing • Good environment - rives made transportation cheap • Strong fleet- let resources from colonies to be brought to Britain shortly • Growth- farmers growing more food meant fewer people had to grow their own • End enclosure movement- The government stopped providing farmland which made people move to urban places Describe the features of the Cottage Industry • It's a pull-out system • Merchants proved cotton to women who spun it into finished cotton at home • Cotton industries gave women independence • The cotton industry was slow so people demanded faster processes, due to people wanting faster process it led to faster machinery Explain the development of the factory system and how it relates to specialization of labor. The factory system used special machinery was also a new way of making products, it increased efficiency and reduced the need for manual labor. It was similar to specialisation of labor the increase efficiency and productivity in production Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Technology and Innovation (TEC) Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences Learning Objective 3 Explain how technology shaped economic production over time. Historical Developments A. Explain the impact of the technologies of the first Industrial Revolution. Factory system technology improved systems and grew technologies to be more efficient Steam engine Powered trains→ Bigger train industry, used for traveling jobs, replacing sails trade and fast communication around the world Coal Used to heat up stream from the steam engine but causes pollution B. Explain the impact of the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution. Steel Bessmer process mass produces steel from pig iron making railroads Chemicals Led to the development of new materials and product Electricity Has powered machinery, led to an increase in population/efficiency in factories Oil Was used for cars/mechanic cars, to power cars focused on maximizing product efficiently C. Explain how technologies impacted trade and migration. The change increased the rise of maritime trading empires, People were able to shift from farm to city increasing world Production and expanding the production and consumption of goods Topic 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective 4 Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. Historical Developments As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. Answer the following questions to explain the state-sponsored industrialization of Japan. a. What was the historical situation of Japan in the 1800s? The emperor was at the highest point of the social hierarchy, but the shogun and daimyo had the power b. Describe the threat Japan faced from Western powers. The US came with modernized equipment their ships looked intimidating and forced Japan to open trading ports c. What was Japan’s response to the Western threats? Japan created trading ports with the US and became more modernized d. Define MEIJI RESTORATION and identify key changes it made. The emperor wanted to modernize but the Shoguns and daimyo didn’t want to so the emperor won they made Japan modernized by becoming more Westernized and pro-business Topic 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective 9. Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments A. Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies. Define the following terms to demonstrate an understanding of the developing economic systems. ADAM SMITH • Wrote “Wealth of Nations” • Established the idea of private owner ship of industry and business LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM • Laissez -Faire “Leave Alone” “Hands Off!” ◦ Little to no government involvement in business ◦ Reduce tariffs on trade(don’t penalize imports and exports with tax=free trade) • FREE MARKETS Mercantilism • Government run companies believing ... • fixed amount of wealth • Wealth = amount of silver + Gold you have • Export more than import • Colonies serves as resources STOCK MARKETS capitalism • No limit to earn wealth • supply and demand should be bought + sold • minimal govt intervention LIMITED-LIABILITY CORPORATIONS Corporation • Business run by lots of people • Stockholders buy parts of companies • corporations made profit • if Corporations go out of business stockholders only lost the amount they put in the business C. The development of industrial capitalism led to changes in social life. Explain the changes as they relate to - consumerism Working class and middle class had time to shop and have money from working in the factories standard of living • The working class who worked at the factories lived in the slums which were crowded, unsanitary condition, dirty leisure time Companies encouraged leisure activities like baseball because it taught hard work, discipline, teamwork, and rule following Topic 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.. Learning Objective 10. Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900. In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms A. Explain how workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers rise up and rebeled against the capitalist business owners and they revolted against the upper class B. Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including socialism and communism. Identify the people and key points of each ideology. KARL MARX & FRIEDRICH ENGELS • German journalist • Appalled at the horrible working conditions in the factories • He blamed capitalism • Big business owner dont care about workers- just for profit $$$ SOCIALISM • New governmet ownership of industry • Resources distributed all • High taxes support government (helthcare,education,safty net) • Goal of classless society COMMUNISM • Advanced stage of Socialism • Classless society is achieved • Everyone is equal economically, politically, socially therefore… • No government is needed • No $ is needed • No need for national borders = world peace C. In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups. Topic 5.9 Society and the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Learning Objective 11. Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living. Historical Developments A. Because of changing economic systems, new social classes developed during the Industrial Era. Identify and define the 2 new classes. 1. bourgeoisie 2. proletarians B. The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on the lives of all people. Describe the impacts on the following groups: Demographic Group Impact Working class • Strict schedules • Low pay • dangerous tasks Family • families had to move to rural to urban • Families lived in slums which were unsanitary Children • children had to work in factories • Children worked long hours and lower pay • children faced dangerous tasks to do Women • Women had more independence • Women had shifted from working at home to factories • Early feminism . C. The rapid industrialization and urbanization led to a variety of environmental challenges. Identify at least 3 environmental problems created by urbanization and the Industrial Revolution. Air pollution was happening because of factories using coal to for machinery and causing smoke to pollute the air, water pollution was caused by factories dumping toxins into rivers and deforestation because of the population growing in cities natural lands have to be clearing for housing, factories, roads, Topic 5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Learning Objective Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments • The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. ◦ Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. • The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. ◦ Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. ◦ The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments

Updated 150d ago

## **What is Economics?** - Economics is considered the science of choice. - We want more that what we can afford - Our inability to afford everything we want is called **scarcity**. This is a universal experience that everyone usually faces within their lifetime. - What you can afford is limited by your income and the price that come with the physical items you desire - What governments can afford is based on how much taxes people pay - All physical items are limited by the productive resources available **Everything isn’t attainable!! Therefore we must make choices on how we want to spend our money and time.** - Choices often align with ones **Incentives** - **Incentives** is a reward that encourages an action or discourages someone. **Microeconomics:** - The study of choices that individuals and businesses make which therefore effects markets, influences the government and the overall societal picture. - Ex. How would a tax on online shopping affect amazon? **Macroeconomics** - The study of national economies and global economic performances. - Ex. Why does the unemployment rate in Canada fluctuate? ## Two Big Economic Questions - How do choices end up determining what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced? - Do choices made in the pursuit of self-interest also promote the social interest? ### What, How, and For whom? Goods and services are the objects people value and produve to satify wants. - Goods are physical objects - Services are tasks performed for people **What?** - What we produce across countries can vary overtime. **How?** - We use resources in order to produce goods and services called the **factors of production** - Land - Labor - Capital - Entrepreneurship - Land - The natural resources that are provided by the environment - Labor - The work time and effort people devote to producing goods and services - Depending on the quality we have to look at **human capital.** - This means that people who have studied and trained the trade will produce a higher quality of work. - Capital - The physical aspects such as tools, instruments, machines, buildings, etc. - Entrepreneurship - They are the drivers of economic progress and are constantly producing new ideas and how they analyze the risk and benefits. **For Whom?** - Who consumes the goods and services is dependent on peoples income and wealth. - People earn their wealth from… - Land earns rent - Labor earns wages - Capital earns interest - Entrepreneurship earns profit ## Self-Interest and Social Interest Self-Interest - You make choices that are the best available one to you. - How you feel influences your choices. Social Interest - If it is best for society as a whole **Efficiency and the Social Interest** - The goal is to be **efficient** - To have a balance - The struggle is that it is not possible to make someone better off without making someone else worse off. **Fair Shares and the Social Interest** - Four issues in today’s world puts some perspective into how we should look at the scenario. - Globalization - Information-age monopolies - Climate change - The gender pay gap **Globalization** - the expansion of international trade, borrowing, lending, and investment. - This is in the self-interest of firms as they can produce an item for a cheaper amount in another country. - This can cause job loss for the items origination in one country when it is produced somewhere else **Information-Age Monopolies** - The size and market power of these companies enables them to have the ability of pricing items higher than necessary - When a company has a popular brand name people also purchase the brand name when buying items from them - This means that people acknowledge a high end brand more than an unknown one. **Climate Change** - Burning fossil fuels to generate several areas of power causes a lot of carbon emissions. - When making the choice a company is making a self-interest choice to use these resources which further damages the land. **The Gender Pay Gap** - Part of it is how men are seen as doing higher paid jobs and women do lower ## The protest against Market Capitalism - Market capitalism is an economics system in which individuals own land and capital and are free to buy and sell land, capital, and goods and services in markets. - This generates a lot of wealth for a small percentage of people in the world - Centrally planned socialism is an economic system in which the governments owns all the land and capital, direct workers to jobs, and decides what, how, and for whom to produce. - Ex. The soviet union - Our economy today consists of a mixed economy ## The Economic Way of Thinking The six key ideas that define the economic way of thinking. - A choice is a tradeoff - People are making rational choices by comparing benefits and costs - Benefit is what you gain from something - Cost is what you must give up to get something - Most choices are “how much” choices made at the margin - Choices respond to incentives **A choice is a tradeoff** - This is an exchange of giving up one thing to get another - Due to scarcity we make the choices of what we must give up - For example do you go to a ball game or do you stay home and save the money you would have spent at the ball game. **Making a Rational Choice** - A rational choice is one that compares the costs and benefits and the achieves the greatest benefit over cost for the person making the choice. - Only the wants of the person’s desires become relevant to their choice. **Benefit: What you Gain** - The benefit is the game or pleasure that it brings and is determined by someone's preferences - Benefits vary largely like going to school or feeling happy you ordered a pizza - **Economists measure this benefit as the most that a person is willing to give up to get something.** **Cost: What You must Give Up** - The **opportunity cost** of something is the highest-valued alternative that must be given up to get it. **How Much? Choosing at the Margin** - The choice when allocating your time to certain things is making your choice at the margin - **Marginal benefit** is the benefit you receive when you increase an activity. - **Marginal cost** is the opportunity cost you incur when you an increase an activity. - You must compare both when making a decision **Choices Respond to Incentives** - The idea is that we can predict the self-interested choices that people will make **Positive Statements** - A positive statement might be right or wrong but can always be tested by fac checking it. **Normative Statements** - This statement relates to what should be and varies depending on its ability to be tested and someone internal opinion of the matter. **Unscrambling Cause and Effect** - An economics model is a description of some aspect pf the economic world that includes only those features that are needed for the purpose at hand. **Economics as Policy Adviser** - Economics is used as a toolkit for advising governments and businesses and for making personal choices. - Economics can be used to clarify the goal and choice.ov

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