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SPAN 2010 Accidental Se Verbs

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Accidentals in a Given Key Signature

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Lecture 20 - Therapeutic and Accidental Total Body Irradiation

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Accidental Se Verbs

Aldabra Giant Tortoise Geochelone gigantea Description: Reaching up to 4 ft and over 700 lbs in size. Their shells range between light to dark brown with a visible neck plate that is not often found in other species of giant tortoises. Their necks are long and leathery to help adapt them to heat. Range: Seychelles (Aldabra Island) Habitat: Atoll islands-mangrove swamps, grasslands, and coastal dunes Diet: Largely herbivores, but may occasionally eat carrion or eggs if vegetable matter is not available. Weight: Males- 560 lbs; Females- 350 lbs Body Length: Second largest species of tortoise. Females can get up to 3 feet long, Males can be 4 feet long. Lifespan: Up to 100+ years Status: Vulnerable Predators: Giant Crab, Rats, Dogs, and Cats all prey on young tortoises, as well as compete for food. Threats: Habitat loss due to development, the introduction of nonnative predators (dogs, cats, rats) and livestock that compete for food (goats), and climate change, which leads to heightened sea levels and severe droughts. Relatives: They are a part of the Aldabrachelys genus, which is the taxonomic home of three giant tortoise species, two extinct species, and the extant Aldabra species. Breeding: Breeding season is from February to May. In courting, the male batters his shell against a female a dozen or more times and makes a deep, trumpeting call. The female buries 9 to 25 tennis-ball-sized eggs which incubate from 110 to 250 days. Reach sexual maturity between 20 to 30 years. Quick Facts: The GSC is home to two male Aldabra tortoises, Traveler and Jack. They may look a little different but that is because they have different shell morphotypes. This means that these two types of shells are adapted to a specific habitat. Aldabra tortoises with domed shells like Traveler are found in humid, cooler, and higher elevation habitats while saddlebacks like Jack are found in drier areas at a lower elevation. There are 3 extant subspecies of the Aldabra Tortoise: Aldabra giant tortoise (ours), Arnold’s giant tortoise, and the Seychelles giant tortoise. Daudin’s giant tortoise was the fourth subspecies but has been declared extinct. There are estimated to be over 150,000-200,000 individuals scattered about the Seychelles islands. It is believed that the oldest living giant tortoise is Jonathon, a 190-year-old Seychelle Giant Tortoise who was hatched around 1832 and resides on the Island of St. Helena in the British Overseas Territory. These tortoises can drink water through their nose, an adaptation that is useful in a mangrove environment. Despite their weight, these tortoises are able to stay afloat in water thanks to hollow honeycomb structures within their shell. In December of 2004, an Aldabra that had been washed away from the Seychelles made the 460-mile journey to the East African Shoreline (Tanzania). Aldabra tortoises are a keystone species that shape their habitat through seed dispersal. The closest relatives of the Aldabra tortoise are the tortoises of Madagascar. Scientists at the Galapagos Conservancy speculate that the ancestors of giant tortoises accidentally reached isolated islands by riding on rafts of plant matter. Conservation: Different species of giant tortoises were once found on a variety of equatorial islands. Unfortunately, over-collection for food by humans and the introduction of invasive species such as rats (which raid nests) and goats (which compete for food) drove all but 10 subspecies of Galapagos tortoises and 3 subspecies of Aldabra tortoises to extinction. It is important that these island ecosystems are carefully preserved as many are home to animals found nowhere else on Earth. Furthermore, Aldabra tortoises are helping to restore island ecosystems by being introduced to islands that have lost their native giant tortoise species. GSC Residents: Name: Traveler Date of Birth: ~December 2000 to December 2001 Sex: Male Origin: Donated from private owner October 13, 2005 Favorite Foods: Strawberries, tomatoes, bananas, watermelon Favorite Enrichment: shell scrubs Trained Behaviors: Target, scale, blood draw From the Keeper: He has a dome shell. This keeps Traveler from having the ability to reach up high like Jack can. Name: Jack Date of Birth: ~December 1989 to December 1990 Sex: Male Origin: Donated from private owner August 17, 2005 Favorite Foods: Tomatoes, strawberries, bananas, watermelon Favorite Enrichment: Shell scrubs Trained Behaviors: Target, scale, blood draw, station, color discrimination From the Keeper: He has a saddleback shell, which allows him to reach up farther for leaves and food. They can feel through the shells which are made up of keratin and bone. He is often mistaken for a rock or a statue for how still he stands at times. Facts about GSC Residents: Daily Schedule Fed main diet 3x a week, Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Fed browse every day. More active during the warmer weather. Will sleep, and browse throughout the day. Training Behaviors​ Due to the tortoises' immense size, we utilize several training behaviors to minimize stress on the animals and keepers. Our tortoises are target-trained, allowing us to direct them where we need them to go. Similarly, we are working with the tortoises on the Scale behavior, so that they will voluntarily walk up onto our scale for weighing. They are also working on foot/neck/poke behaviors. The foot behavior allows us to pick up their feet to see if they have any problems. The neck/poke behavior is for when we start drawing blood from their neck for health and wellness checks. Health History Sometimes get runny eyes due to dust, so we spray the ground with the hose to reduce dust. Favorite Story Jack is very sociable and loves to be scratched and rubbed. When we walk away, he will follow us wanting more

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AP U.S. History - Unit 7, Topic 2: American Imperialism (1898-1945) Definition of Imperialism Expansion of a country’s political, economic, and military influence over another. U.S. begins imperial expansion with the purchase of Alaska (1867) for $7.2 million (known as "Seward’s Folly"). Discovery of gold in 1898 increases interest in expansion. Westward expansion mindset extends beyond the continent after the closing of the frontier. Arguments for Imperialism Economic Interests Desire for raw materials (e.g., gold in Alaska). Need for new markets to sell American goods (manufactured & agricultural). Social Darwinism Belief that stronger nations naturally dominate weaker ones. Expansion seen as a way for the U.S. to become a world power. Racial & Religious Justifications Josiah Strong's book Our Country (1885): Argues Anglo-Saxon race is superior and must “civilize” others. Expansion is a Christian duty to spread Western civilization. Military & Strategic Reasons Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890): Nations with strong navies dominate world affairs. U.S. builds a steel navy and seeks territories for naval bases. Leads to the race for Pacific and Caribbean islands (e.g., Hawaii, Guam, Philippines). Arguments Against Imperialism Self-Determination Nations should have the right to govern themselves. Same argument used by Americans to justify independence from Britain. Tradition of Isolationism George Washington’s Farewell Address warned against foreign entanglements. Expansion could lead to unwanted wars and conflicts. Racial Concerns Debate over whether the Constitution follows the flag: If the U.S. takes over a territory, do its people become American citizens? Many anti-imperialists opposed granting rights to non-white populations. Key Takeaways Imperialists supported expansion for economic, military, and ideological reasons. Anti-imperialists opposed it on the grounds of self-determination, isolationism, and racial concerns. The debate shaped U.S. foreign policy and led to further territorial acquisitions, setting the stage for U.S. involvement in global affairs. End of Notes. The Spanish-American War & American Imperialism Background: The American Empire Late 19th-century industrialists and politicians sought U.S. expansion. Cuba, a Spanish colony, was a key target for expansion. 1895: Cuban nationalists rebelled against Spain, but Spain crushed the revolt. Yellow Journalism & the Path to War Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized news stories exaggerated Spanish atrocities in Cuba. Key figures: Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst Encouraged U.S. intervention on humanitarian grounds. 1898: The U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 200+ Americans. Yellow journalists blamed Spain, fueling war fever. Later investigations found the explosion was accidental. President McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain; Spain agreed but the U.S. declared war anyway. The Spanish-American War (1898) Short war: America won and emerged as an imperial power. Effects of the war: Cuba gained independence, but the Platt Amendment gave the U.S. the right to intervene militarily. Philippines annexed after U.S. forces, led by Theodore Roosevelt, defeated Spain. Filipinos, expecting independence, rebelled under Emilio Aguinaldo → Led to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). Hawaii annexed (1898) for strategic reasons (midpoint to the Philippines). The Open Door Policy (1899) China was divided into European spheres of influence. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent the Open Door Note to European powers, requesting equal trade access in China. Outcome: European powers did not reject the request, so the U.S. claimed success in securing trade rights. Significance The Spanish-American War marked the U.S.’s entry into imperialism. The U.S. expanded its influence globally through military power and economic policies. Let me know if you want any modifications! The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s) Main Idea: The Progressive Era was a time of social, political, and economic reform in response to issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption. Progressives believed government intervention was necessary to fix these problems. Who Were the Progressives? A diverse group: Protestants, feminists, labor leaders, African Americans, journalists Focused on issues like: Big business power (monopolies) Economic instability (Panic of 1893) Labor conflicts (strikes) Political corruption (machines like Tammany Hall) Jim Crow segregation Women’s suffrage Alcohol prohibition Muckrakers (Investigative Journalists) Exposed corruption and poor conditions in society Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (unsanitary meatpacking industry) Ida Tarbell - Exposed Standard Oil’s unfair business practices Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives (urban poverty and tenement conditions) Political Reforms (Expanding Democracy) Secret Ballot – Ended political bosses controlling votes. Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment, 1913) – Senators now elected by the people instead of state legislatures. 18th Amendment (Prohibition, 1919) – Banned alcohol (led by groups like the Anti-Saloon League). 19th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage, 1920) – Gave women the right to vote. Initiative, Referendum, Recall – Gave citizens more power to propose, approve, and remove laws/politicians. Government Efficiency & Scientific Management Frederick Taylor’s "Scientific Management" (Taylorism) – Applied efficiency techniques to government & industry. Black Progressives & Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Legalized segregation (“separate but equal”). Niagara Movement (W.E.B. DuBois) – Advocated for immediate black rights. NAACP (1909) – Fought for racial justice through legal action. World War I (Unit 7, Topic 5) Causes of U.S. Involvement in WWI War Begins (1914): After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, two alliances formed: Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia (formerly Triple Entente) Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (formerly Triple Alliance) U.S. Neutrality: Initially stayed out of the war but faced mounting pressure due to events: Sinking of the Lusitania (1915): A German U-boat sank a British passenger ship, killing 128 Americans. Public outrage followed, but neutrality was maintained. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germany resumed sinking ships, including American vessels. Zimmermann Telegram (1917): Germany proposed a military alliance with Mexico, promising to help regain lost territory if the U.S. joined the war. The U.S. intercepted the message, pushing Wilson to act. U.S. Declares War (1917) April 2, 1917: Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war to “make the world safe for democracy.” American Expeditionary Forces (AEF): Led by General John J. Pershing, U.S. troops bolstered Allied forces and played a crucial role in turning the tide of the war. End of the War & Treaty of Versailles (1918-1919) November 11, 1918: Armistice signed, ending fighting. Treaty of Versailles (1919): Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points, advocating for self-determination, freedom of the seas, and the League of Nations. Britain and France sought to punish Germany, leading to harsh reparations and restrictions. League of Nations created, but the U.S. did not join due to congressional fears of being dragged into future wars. World War I: The Homefront (Unit 7, Topic 6) Total War & Mobilization The U.S. fully mobilized its economy, industry, and society for war. War Industries Board: Managed labor & factories to produce war supplies. Food Administration: Regulated food production for soldiers and civilians. Rural-to-urban migration increased as people sought industrial jobs. Civil Liberties & Government Control Espionage Act (1917) & Sedition Act (1918): Criminalized anti-war speech & draft resistance. Schenck v. United States (1919): Supreme Court ruled speech creating a "clear and present danger" (e.g., resisting the draft) could be restricted. Government censored reports on the Spanish Flu to maintain war morale. The First Red Scare (1919-1920) Fear of communist infiltration after the Russian Revolution. Palmer Raids: Over 6,000 suspected radicals, labor leaders, and immigrants arrested; 500+ deported. Immigration Restrictions Emergency Quota Act (1921) & National Origins Act (1924): Limited immigration, especially from Southern/Eastern Europe & Asia. Rooted in nativism (opposition to immigrants, especially Catholics & Jews). The Great Migration Large numbers of Black Americans moved from the South to Northern cities (e.g., Chicago, New York) for job opportunities & to escape Jim Crow laws. Faced discrimination & race riots in the North (e.g., 1919 race riots, Tulsa Race Massacre (1921)—300 Black people killed, 10,000 homeless)

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SPAN-150 | Accidental "Se"